Villanovan and Etruscan Mining and Metallurgy

Giardino, Claudio

doi:10.4324/9780203526965.ch37

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, exposure to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals has equally been related to alterations in pubertal growth (Euling et al, 2008; Lee & Styne, 2013; Louis et al, 2008; Toppari & Juul, 2010). Lead pollution has been linked to the Etruscan bronze‐working industry during the seventh and sixth centuries BC (Balassone et al, 2018; Giardino, 2013; Harrison et al, 2010; Williams, 2009); high concentrations of lead have also been found in Samnite bone samples (Pastorelli et al, 2016). Accordingly, it is possible that metallurgical activities could have polluted some areas of Pontecagnano causing continued lead exposure in adolescents, similar to what has been reconstructed for the Roman period (Moore et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Puberty in pre‐Roman times: A bioarchaeological study of Etruscan‐Samnite adolescents from Pontecagnano (southern Italy)

Bareggi

Pellegrino

Giuffra

et al. 2022

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Objectives: Puberty is a crucial part of life, representing the biological transition from childhood to adulthood. With the aim of expanding current knowledge of pubertal development and the life course in past populations, this study provides the first investigation of puberty in pre-Roman Italy. Materials and methods: Nine skeletal and dental puberty indicators were assessed in a sample of 84 Etruscan and Samnite individuals (8.0-23.9 years) from Pontecagnano (southern Italy, seventh-fourth centuries BC) to garner insights into the timing and duration of different pubertal stages. Results: Adolescents from Pontecagnano entered puberty at 10-12 years and completed pubertal development at approximately 20-21 years. Menarche occurred between 14 and 17 years. Remarkable variability in pubertal timing and an overall prolonged pubertal tempo were observed. Unexpectedly, females completed puberty at the same age as males. Discussion: The onset and completion of puberty in Pontecagnano are mostly in line with pubertal trends emerging from other bioarchaeological studies and historical sources. The considerable inter-individual variability in pubertal timing seen at the site probably reflects its great sociocultural heterogeneity, whilst the prolonged pubertal tempo could represent an adaptive mechanism in response to environmental disruptors. These may have included endemic diseases characteristic of Pontecagnano's marshy environment and pollutants produced by the Etruscan and Samnite metallurgical industries. Moreover, the role of catch-up growth in favouring better pregnancy outcomes could explain why female puberty appears particularly stretched. The importance of exploring pubertal development in past societies without culturally biased assumptions is emphasised.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Puberty in pre‐Roman times: A bioarchaeological study of Etruscan‐Samnite adolescents from Pontecagnano (southern Italy)

Bareggi

Pellegrino

Giuffra

et al. 2022

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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“…Populonia was only one of many Etruscan cities exploiting these resources. It is correct to note that “…both the ancient sources and the archaeological data agree in stressing how metallurgy constituted one of the main economic and cultural engines of the Etruscan centers ever since the proto-historical period” (Giardino 2013 , p. 733), and we have still fully to appreciate to what extent this placed Etruria into the same kind of economic and ecological world as Athens, with its silver mines, or the gold and silver resources of Macedonia and Thrace (see Williams 2009 ).…”

Section: The Etruscan Economy: Institutional or Social?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This question has been posed for the economy of imperial Rome but seldom for Etruria. Even Poggio Civitate, for all its size and wealth in the Archaic period, may not have had a strong export production, although it may have had some mineral wealth (Giardino 2013 , p. 731). Riva ( 2017 ) has suggested that even the export of wine to southern France in the sixth century BC that is often seen as a sign of significant surplus production may equally be characterized as prestige exchange, as often we struggle with estimating scale of production given the problems of survival of archaeological material.…”

Section: The Etruscan Economy: Institutional or Social?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Etruscans: Setting New Agendas

Potts

Smith

2021

J Archaeol Res

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The Etruscans, who dominated central Italy for much of the first half of the first millennium BC, are ripe for new analysis: the quantity of data for their culture is now substantial, wide ranging, and qualifies for large-scale comparison. In this paper, we survey how research in the last decade has affected our understanding of settlements, of changing models of the transfer of ideas, and of Etruscan religious behavior, among other topics. We place them into complex spatial, architectural, and economic narratives to show that the interplay between microhistorical case studies and macrohistorical trends has now achieved what ought to be a paradigmatic status. Despite the continuous flow of specialist publications and an industry of exhibitions, however, the Etruscans have not broken through into mainstream archaeological awareness. We argue that this could be achieved if future research becomes more thematic and agenda driven and embraces comparative study.

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Villanovan and Etruscan Mining and Metallurgy

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Puberty in pre‐Roman times: A bioarchaeological study of Etruscan‐Samnite adolescents from Pontecagnano (southern Italy)

Puberty in pre‐Roman times: A bioarchaeological study of Etruscan‐Samnite adolescents from Pontecagnano (southern Italy)

The Etruscans: Setting New Agendas

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