Viewing Angle Switchable Liquid Crystal Display with Double Layers Separated by an Interlayer Support

Abstract

We study moduli stabilization in the context of M-theory on compact manifolds with G 2 holonomy, using superpotentials from flux and membrane instantons, and recent results for the Kähler potential of such models. The existence of minima with negative cosmological constant, stabilizing all moduli, is established. While most of these minima preserve supersymmetry, we also find examples with broken supersymmetry. Supersymmetric vacua with vanishing cosmological constant can also be obtained after a suitable tuning of parameters. JHEP12(2004)018M-theory on (compact) manifolds X of G 2 holonomy leads to non-chiral [42] fourdimensional effective theories with N = 1 supersymmetry [43,44]. Non-abelian gauge groups and matter fields, which may account for the standard model particles, arise when the G 2 space develops singularities [45]-[53]. In this paper we will not consider such possible matter field sectors, but focus on the gravity/moduli part of the theory, which contains b 3 (X) chiral moduli multiplets Φ I . Their real parts parameterize the moduli space of the G 2 manifold, while their imaginary parts corresponds to axions. We are interested in stabilizing these moduli fields Φ I , combining the effects of flux and membrane instantons. The flux superpotential has been computed in refs. [27,44], while the result for the structure of membrane instanton contributions to the superpotential can be found in ref. [54]. The scalar potential of four-dimensional N = 1 supergravity also depends on the Kähler potential for which we rely on the results of ref.[55]. We will be focusing on compact G 2 manifolds constructed by blowing up the singularities of G 2 orbifolds [56]-[58] and [45]. For such G 2 manifolds, the moduli naturally split into two classes, (Φ I ) = (T a , U i ), namely the "bulk" moduli T a associated with the underlying torus and the "blow-up" moduli U i that arise from blowing up the singularities. We will address the stabilization of both types of moduli for realistic models.A practical problem is that there are no simple compact G 2 manifolds with, say, b 3 (X) = 1 available. In particular, the calculation of the Kähler potential in ref. [55] has been carried out for an example with b 3 (X) = 43. We will, therefore, have to deal with a large number of moduli. This task will be approached by starting with relatively simple, but characteristic, toy models and then working our way up to include the full complications of more realistic cases. After setting up the structure of the models in the next section, section 3 discusses the stabilization of the bulk moduli T a , first for a simple universal case, and then including all bulk moduli. Section 4 includes the blow-up moduli U i , again starting with a simple universal toy model and then moving on to include all moduli. Conclusions and further directions are presented in section 5. General structure of four-dimensional effective theoriesIn this section, we will review the structure of four-dimensional N = 1 theories, which originate from M-theory on (compac...

Viewing angle switchable blue‐phase liquid crystal display with low voltage and high transmittance

“…Namely, people can share information when the display is in WVA mode, and they can secure information when the display is in narrow viewing angle (NVA) mode. To realize this feature, many viewing angle switchable displays have been proposed. On one hand, because of the use of traditional liquid crystals, some viewing angle switchable displays have high transmittance and low operating voltage; however, the vertical viewing angle of these displays cannot be controlled well.…”

“…On the other hand, the viewing angle switchable display using blue‐phase liquid crystals (BPLCs) have high operating voltage and relatively low transmittance. So, these displays have some disadvantages, such as high operating voltage, relatively low transmittance, and bad viewing angle switchable characteristics …”

“…To realize this feature, many viewing angle switchable displays [1][2][3][4] have been proposed. On one hand, because of the use of traditional liquid crystals, some viewing angle switchable displays [2][3][4] have high transmittance and low operating voltage; however, the vertical viewing angle of these displays cannot be controlled well. On the other hand, the viewing angle switchable display 1 using blue-phase liquid crystals (BPLCs) have high operating voltage and relatively low transmittance.…”

“…So, these displays have some disadvantages, such as high operating voltage, 1 relatively low transmittance, 1 and bad viewing angle switchable characteristics. [2][3][4] Besides, the polymer-stabilized BPLCs (PS-BPLCs) 5-8 have many advantages, such as submillisecond response time, alignment-layer-free process, and cell gap insensitivity. In particular, fast response time not only reduces motion but also enables color sequential displays using red, green, and blue light-emitting diodes.…”