Vietnam’s forest cover changes 2005–2016: Veering from transition to (yet more) transaction?

Cochard, Roland; Nguyen, Van Hai Thi; Ngo, Dung; Kull, Christian A.

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105051

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Even where projects have attempted to expand restoration goals through natural regeneration and native species, they have faced significant challenges in engaging the smallest landowners and the poor (Rizzetti et al 2018). At the same time, deforestation and degradation in natural forests is continuing even as plantation forests expand (Cochard et al 2020); as a result, the tree planting projects do not appear to be tackling the drivers of forest loss overall (Holl and Brancalion 2020).…”

Section: Discussion: Evaluating Vietnam's Effortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining 47% of the forest estate remains classified as either watershed protection or special-use forest (essentially equivalent to protected areas), often in degraded condition that would benefit from restoration (Rizzetti et al 2018). While the 5MHRP did invest in restoration and natural regeneration in protected forests, this has been offset by continued loss, due to encroachment, illegal exploitation, fire or other reasons (Cochard et al 2020). Some donor-funded projects have invested in FLR for these natural/protected forests but have shown only modest results Vallauri 2014, Rizzetti et al 2018).…”

Section: Recent Policies and Pledgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, funds tend to be modest ($5-10 per ha), and do not have a specific requirement that households use the money for afforestation or restoration. There is no strong evidence that national forest quality has improved since PFES programs began (Cochard et al 2020), and because most of the PFES programs have not involved direct restoration or tree planting, they are not assessed in our review below.…”

Section: Recent Policies and Pledgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Kien Giang, use of Rhizophora apiculata encouraged by reforestation projects replaced a more diverse mangrove ecology, leading to less resilience and increased coastal erosion as Rhizophora roots were less deep-rooted and could not withstand strong wave action (Phong et al 2017). Other examples of plantation expansion into existing natural forests have been noted as well, often dependent on local land tenure situations and land market prices (Cochard et al 2020, Paudyal et al 2020.…”

Section: Natural Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies indicated willingness to pay from beneficiaries, particularly around mangrove restoration (Pham et al 2018) or potential funding from global carbon markets (Kumar et al 2015), but such approaches have been theoretical only, as the existing PFES policy is not operational in mangroves nor does it pay for carbon (McElwee et al 2019). Overall, evidence suggests that existing low subsidies and other payments cannot financially compete with the current plantation boom that favors short rotations (Cochard et al 2020) or competition from shrimp production that discourages mangrove restoration (Tran et al 2012). Consequently, certification might be an additional option to extend financial sustainability to Vietnam's smallholder plantations, as prices paid are substantially higher (Frey et al 2018).…”

Section: • 59mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Assessing the Social Benefits of Tree Planting by Smallholders in Vietnam: Lessons for Large-Scale Reforestation Programs

McElwee

Nghi²

2021

Ecological Rest.

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In recent decades, Vietnam has embarked on several ambitious projects, including restoration of coastal mangroves and the expansion of national forest cover through large-scale tree planting efforts. Much of the work is being carried out by individual households, who now likely control a majority of planted productive forest land. Yet despite the strong role for smallholders, questions have been raised about the social benefits of their participation, and insufficient attention has been paid to whether these programs are truly aimed at restoration or more narrowly at plantation development only. This paper assesses several of Vietnam's recent tree-planting projects against the Society for Ecological Restoration's standards, particularly around social benefits, and concludes that Vietnam is failing on most measures, ranging from stakeholder engagement to natural capital benefits. Overall, smallholders mostly view the tree planting projects in terms of financial benefits from short rotation cycles for pulp and woodchip mills, which offer low value, few social benefits, and little ecological restoration potential. The paper argues that Vietnam would benefit from more engaged restoration activities that pay attention to social benefits for smallholders, ensuring more long-term sustainability for both people and forests.

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Section: Discussion: Evaluating Vietnam's Effortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Policies and Pledgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Policies and Pledgesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: • 59mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Social Benefits of Tree Planting by Smallholders in Vietnam: Lessons for Large-Scale Reforestation Programs

McElwee

Nghi²

2021

Ecological Rest.

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The spatiotemporal patterns and pathways of forest transition in China

Marcos-Martínez

et al. 2021

Land Degrad Dev

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China experienced a shift from net forest losses to gains (forest transition) between 1976 and 1981. Such transition has increased timber volume in natural forests and expanded the provision of forests ecosystem services. However, the timing, magnitude, and impact of the forest transition varied at provincial scales due to heterogeneous socio‐economic and institutional conditions. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of spatial drivers of forest transition in China through integrated comparative and spatial regression methods. This approach allows the documentation of feedbacks and interactions of theoretical pathways to forest transition at different geographical scales, which is of relevance for large‐scale land restoration efforts. Our analysis also accounts for changes in forest volumes, a parameter that is usually not studied in the forest transition literature. Here, we used key indicators of demographic, economic, agricultural, and urbanization processes coupled with forest area data to investigate factors influencing forest transitions at multiple geographic scales between 1973 and 2013. Stepwise and geographically weighted regression models were adapted to quantify the key drivers' integrated and distributed magnitude effects on forest transition patterns, respectively. We assessed changes across forest types (i.e., primary and secondary forests, plantation forests) and investigated pathways to forest transition at provincial scales. The results indicate that increasing demand for timber and other forest ecosystem services, rising gross domestic product and population, forest policy, and increasing employment in the industry and service sectors generated multiple pathways to forest transition. The impact of those drivers varied within provinces, and some transition pathways were more relevant than others at sub‐national scales. Despite the Country scale shift to net forest gains, the loss of natural forests continued in some provinces (e.g., Guangdong, Guangxi) until recent years. The loss of ecosystem services from mature forests offset some of the benefits of China's forest transition. Coordinated forest management strategies across political jurisdictions could speed up the path to net forest gains, reduce trade‐offs of forest transitions processes, and achieve sustainable afforestation processes. Such an effort could have significant contributions to the preservation and increase of key forest ecosystem services for the Country and the world.

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Forests

Kull

2023

Handbook of the Anthropocene

Self Cite

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The Anthopocene draws attention to how humans have increasingly shaped forests in the past, how forest loss and forest planting play a key role in today's climate emergency, and how we think about forests and forest stewardship in the future. In this handbook entry I review the human moulding of forests, both constructive and destructive, since prehistoric times and suggest a conceptualization that explicitly incorporate human elements among the many processes constituting forests.

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Vietnam’s forest cover changes 2005–2016: Veering from transition to (yet more) transaction?

Cited by 24 publications

References 83 publications

Assessing the Social Benefits of Tree Planting by Smallholders in Vietnam: Lessons for Large-Scale Reforestation Programs

Assessing the Social Benefits of Tree Planting by Smallholders in Vietnam: Lessons for Large-Scale Reforestation Programs

The spatiotemporal patterns and pathways of forest transition in China

Forests

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