“…Observing the effectiveness of the 2000 reform, the National Institute for Education Strategy and Curriculum Development (NIESAC) noted that around 60% of primary school teachers were left delivering the new curriculum and modifying their teaching approaches in difficulty (Nhan Dan, 2010). There was also no strategy for developing for mathematics teachers the competence of assessing student learning outcomes, especially by means of formative assessments (Le & Nguyen, 2018).…”