Victorian Telegraphy Before Nationalization

Fari, Simone

doi:10.1057/9781137406521

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…R f = 0.3 (SiO 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 10:1). Mp: 171.8–172.0 °C (reference 172 °C) . HPLC purity: 100.00%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel and Convenient Synthesis of Deoxycholic Acid from Cholic Acid

Wang,

Hu,

et al. 2024

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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In this article, a novel and practical approach was presented for the synthesis of deoxycholic acid (1) from cholic acid (2). The synthesis pathway involved the obtention of acid (20) from compound 2 via selective oxidation, followed by the condensation of 20 with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazine (23) to form hydrazones (21). Subsequently, product 1 was generated through a three-step reaction process involving reduction by NaBH 4 . The overall yield achieved 62.9%, with an HPLC purity of 100.00%. Structural confirmation of all compounds was performed using 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy as well as HRMS.

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“…R f = 0.3 (SiO 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 10:1). Mp: 171.8–172.0 °C (reference 172 °C) . HPLC purity: 100.00%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel and Convenient Synthesis of Deoxycholic Acid from Cholic Acid

Wang,

Hu,

et al. 2024

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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“…85 Neither the 1935 nor the 1939 data indicates which printers were engaged in lithography or typography, but other sources suggest that by the late 1930s commercial presses were increasingly investing in the newer typographic technology. 86 Overall, the data indicates that the number of bookstores, their geographic distribution within the city, as well as the total number of books printed, purchased, and circulated, was growing during the 1920s and 1930s, and that the expansion of this print economy reflected both a growing public engagement with print and an emerging pattern of social division within the city.…”

Section: P R I N T C O M M E R C E a N D M A S S C U Lt U R E B Y M Imentioning

confidence: 97%

Print Culture and Its Publics: A Social History of Bookstores in Tehran, 1900–1950

Marashi¹

2015

Int. J. Middle East Stud.

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This article investigates the evolution of print culture and commerce in Tehran during the first half of the 20th century. The first section examines technological changes that facilitated the commercialization of texts and then details the history of early print entrepreneurs in the Tehran bazaar. The second section examines the expansion of the book trade between the 1920s and 1940s, tracing the emergence of modern bookstores in a rapidly changing Tehran. I argue that patterns of change in print commerce between 1900 and 1950 contributed to the emergence of mass culture by midcentury. This new mass culture involved the social and political empowerment of a diversity of new reading publics in the city, and enabled the emergence of new forms of popular politics.

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“…Yet clearly the importance of security considerations in the third sub-period showed that on issues of subsidy of 'strategic' lines, other departments could outweigh the GPO and Lamb's neomercantilist objection to the Pacific cable lost out to Fleming's dominion (Pacific Cable Committee, Report, Minutes of Proceedings, &c., March 1897, CAB 18/16.). Moreover, the fact that the GPO's domestic telegraph operation proved consistently loss-making despite Scudamore's blithe promises of profits at the time of nationalisation (Fari, 2015;Perry, 1992) weakened their ability to control domestic policymaking, even though the Postmaster-General was regarded as one of the major offices of state (although not automatically in the cabinet) in much of the second half of the 19th century.…”

Section: Exploring Five Social Science Theories In the Case Of British Decision-making On Telegraphy Policy The Itu And Scc: An Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do states in conflict with each other also sustain resilient cooperation in international regulation? Britain and telegraphy, 1860s–1914

Perri

Heims

2021

European Journal of International Relations

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This article compares the explanatory power of five mainstream theories from International Relations, political science and public management in understanding why – when they are engaged in deepening conflict and tension and even preparations for wars – states might simultaneously sustain deepening cooperation in global regulatory bodies. Analysis of explanatory power focuses on trade-offs among five key methodological virtues, and on buffering as an indicator of state unitariness. The theories are examined against the crucial case of one state’s commitment to the first international regulatory regime, the International Telegraph Union (ITU) and the Submarine Cable Convention (SCC) of 1884, from the founding of the ITU in 1865 to the outbreak of the Great War. In this article, we use UK National Archives files to reconstruct Britain’s decisions in telegraphy policy as our case of a state’s decision-making. We focus on four key clusters of decisions, spanning three sub-periods. The study finds each of the theories can descriptively capture some developments in some sub-periods, but not for the reasons identified in the theory and without generality of application. It therefore provides the basis for future theoretical development work and demonstrates the value of theory comparison by analysis of trade-offs among methodological virtues.

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Victorian Telegraphy Before Nationalization

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Novel and Convenient Synthesis of Deoxycholic Acid from Cholic Acid

Novel and Convenient Synthesis of Deoxycholic Acid from Cholic Acid

Print Culture and Its Publics: A Social History of Bookstores in Tehran, 1900–1950

Why do states in conflict with each other also sustain resilient cooperation in international regulation? Britain and telegraphy, 1860s–1914

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