Victim Experiences in Hate Crimes Based on Sexual Orientation

Herek, Gregory M.; Cogan, Jeanine C.; Gillis, J. Roy

doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00263

Cited by 265 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…unreported by victims (Herek, Cogan & Gillis, 2002). If true, however, it would suggest that hate crimes are qualitatively different than crimes in general.…”

Section: Type and Degree Of Violencementioning

confidence: 98%

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Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws.

Sullaway¹

2004

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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Hate crimes are those in which the victim is selected because of his or her actual or perceived race, color, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or national origin. Hate crime laws have frequently been met with objections. Whereas some objections are based in constitutional law, other objections invoke a variety of psychological constructs, including attitude, motivation, behavior, emotion, and intergroup relations. These objections can be illuminated by relevant psychological theory and research. Topics addressed include the measurement of motivation and intent, and distinctions among attitudes, emotions, and behavior. Hate crimes and other crimes are compared in terms of perpetrators, type and degree of violence, psychological and physical trauma suffered by victims, and community impact. Psychologically based defense strategies used by perpetrators of hate crimes are critiqued. Hate crime laws are also discussed in terms of the political and social values they reflect. Finally, research and policy implications are outlined, including implications for prevention and intervention at the individual, community, and law enforcement levels.

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“…unreported by victims (Herek, Cogan & Gillis, 2002). If true, however, it would suggest that hate crimes are qualitatively different than crimes in general.…”

Section: Type and Degree Of Violencementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Hate crimes that terrorize and subordinate entire groups deprive them of their civil liberties (Bell, 2002;Herek, Cogan, & Gillis, 2002;Matsuda, Lawrence, Delgado, & Crenshaw, 1993), and hate crime laws reflect the state's recognition of and protection of the civil rights of all groups.…”

Section: Hate Crime Laws and Social And Political Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws.

Sullaway¹

2004

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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“…Also, many survey studies tend to treat sexual minority status groups collectively as a single group whilst academic research often, but not routinely (Price, 2011), considers differences between their victimisation experiences (Balsam et al, 2005;Conron, Mimiaga & Landers, 2010;Herek, 2009;Poteat, Aragon, Espelage & Koenig, 2009;Roberts et al, 2010;Warner et al, 2004). Despite their methodological differences, much of this mainly North American peer reviewed research broadly confirms the findings of survey studies conducted in the United Kingdom, and shows that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals are at increased risk of victimisation from a range of crimes (Balsam et al, 2005;Cramer et al, 2012;D'Augelli, 1992;Herek, 1989;Herek et al, 2002;Herek, Gillis & Cogan, 1999;Kohn, 2001;Lombardi, Wilchins, Priesing & Malouf, 2001;Roberts et al, 2010;Rubenstein, 2004;Strom, 2001). In the United Kingdom, a recent small-scale study of victimisation and fear of crime in gay and heterosexual men in Manchester (Laing & Davies, 2011) found that gay men were more likely to have suffered some form of direct criminal victimisation than were heterosexual men at some point in their life (51% versus 40% respectively).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…For example, sexuality motivated hate-crimes appear more likely to target the person whereas racially motivated acts tend to target property (Rubenstein, 2004). In contrast, evidence that rates and types of sexual orientation victimisation differ between sexual minority status groups (Herek, 1989;Herek et al, 2002;Roberts et al, 2010;Warner et al, 2004), and between males and females amongst these groups (Balsam et al, 2005 However, to some extent, peer reviewed research has some limitations similar to those of survey studies. To a degree, these are general methodological challenges reflecting the inherent difficulties faced in any attempt to assess the social and economic conditions of sexual minority status groups, including their experiences of hate-crime as well as more general victimisation and the criminal justice system (Aspinall, 2009;Gates, 2011;McClean & O'Connor, 2003;McManus, 2003;Martin & Meezan, 2003;Moradi et al, 2009;Price, 2011;Purdam et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Victimization Among Female and Male Sexual Minority Status Groups: Evidence From the British Crime Survey 2007–2010

Mahoney

Davies

Scurlock-Evans

2014

Journal of Homosexuality

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“…Thus, victims may be disenfranchised from the legal system. Many victims of antigay violence are too afraid of the police response to report the crime (Bernstein & Kostelac, 2002;Herek, Cogan, & Gillis, 2002;Kuehnle & Sullivan, 2001). The perpetrator, in this case, preyed upon these fears by threatening to accuse John of sexual assault were he to go to the police.…”

Section: Treatment Of Hate Crimesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive processing therapy for acute stress disorder resulting from an anti-gay assault

Kaysen

Lostutter

Goines

2005

Cognitive and Behavioral Practice

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This case study describes Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) with a 30-year-old gay man with symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) following a recent homophobic assault. Treatment addressed assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms. Also addressed were low self-esteem, helplessness, and high degrees of internalized homophobia. Client symptomatology was tracked using the PTSD Symptom Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory over the course of 12 sessions and for a 3-month posttermination session. Symptoms were significantly reduced by the end of the 12-week therapy and were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This case highlights the utility of this therapy in targeting both ASD symptoms and internalized homophobia relating to experiencing a hate crime-related assault. The authors elaborate on theoretical and applied issues in adapting a structured cognitive-behavioral intervention to the treatment of ASD symptoms associated with experiencing a hate crime.According to national statistics, violent crime in the United States decreased over the past 10 years, yet rates of hate crimes have increased 3.5% (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 2001). Hate crimes based on sexual orientation (16.3%) comprise the third highest category after hate crimes based on race (53.6%) and religion (18.2%). Fifty-six percent of sexual orientationbased hate crimes reported to police were violent offenses (U.S. Department of Justice, 2001). Yet no studies have been conducted on whether standard treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are efficacious for victims of these types of violent offenses.Hate crimes have been defined as crimes of bias ranging from verbal assault to homicide intended to harm an individual or group because of perceived minority group membership (Herek, 1989). Current federal hatecrime law defines hate crimes as crimes motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias (Swigonski, Mama, & Ward, 2001). This bias may be demonstrated in a variety of ways, including the presence of bias-related comments, written statements, or gestures made by the offender indicating bias (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 1999). A common feature among definitions of hate crimes is victim perception of the event as bias-related (Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999;Swigonski et al., 2001).Studies from within the gay/lesbian/bisexual/trans-gender (GLBT) community suggest that experiences with hate crimes are relatively common . Recent studies have reported 11% to 16% of gay men and lesbians experienced sexual or physicalassaults because of their sexual orientation (Herek et al., 1999;Rose & Mechanic, 2002). One fourth of gay men and one fifth of lesbian women experienced criminal victimization at least once during adulthood due to their sexual orientation (Herek et al., Address correspondence to Debra Kaysen, University of Washington Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-0650; e-mail: dkaysen@u.washington.edu.. 1999). GLBT yo...

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Victim Experiences in Hate Crimes Based on Sexual Orientation

Abstract: Using interview data from a convenience sample of 450 lesbian, gay, and

Cited by 265 publications

References 19 publications

Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws.

Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws.

Victimization Among Female and Male Sexual Minority Status Groups: Evidence From the British Crime Survey 2007–2010

Cognitive processing therapy for acute stress disorder resulting from an anti-gay assault

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