Vicarious learning of common and uncommon associations in children

Effect of vicarious scheduling on the verbal conditioning of hostility in children.

“…Inasmuch as the control subgroups failed to show significant increases in either hostile or neutral verb choices under the first-person pronoun, these results, in agreement with the trends noted in Experiment I, indicate that prior exposure to vicarious random schedules will facilitate the conditioning of both verb classes. Moreover, consistent with the results of other observational learning studies employing both grade-school children (Bandura & Walters, 1963;Simon, Ditrichs, & Jamison, 1965) and adults (Marston, 1966), this facilitation is obtained whether or not the model receives reinforcement for his responses. However, it should be noted that the failure of vicarious reinforcement to differentially facilitate vicarious learning in Experiment II is contrary to results obtained with adult subjects Marston, 1966) and suggests that vicarious reinforcement may play a lesser role in modeling behavior for subjects of younger ages.…”

Word Association Training and Creativity

“…A similar problem exists in any selective learning sicuation where the correcc response has a low probability of occurrence (Dollard 8: Miller, 1950). Among procedures which have been designed to raise the probability of an uncommon response in free associations are repeated evocation of different associations tc stimulus words (Maltzman, et al, 1958), instructions (Malczman, et al, 1960;Rosenbaum, et al, 1964), and exposure to uncommon association of other subjects (Simon, Ditrichs, & Jamison, 1965).…”