“…Many methods have been developed to improve the fluidization behavior of cohesive Geldart-C particles, for example, adding another kind of particles to the bed [5][6][7] and introducing a magnetic field, 8,9 acoustic field, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] or vibrating field. 5,[17][18][19][20] Among these methods, sound-assisted fluidization is particularly attractive because no internals are needed and there is no limitation for the particle type.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many methods have been developed to improve the fluidization behavior of cohesive Geldart-C particles, for example, adding another kind of particles to the bed − and introducing a magnetic field, , acoustic field, − or vibrating field. ,− Among these methods, sound-assisted fluidization is particularly attractive because no internals are needed and there is no limitation for the particle type. 1 Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus: 1, compressor; 2, surge tank and desiccator; 3, rotamer; 4, fluidized bed; 5, loudspeaker; 6, sound amplifier; 7, signal generator; 8, manometer.…”
Sound-assisted fluidization of two kinds of SiO 2 nanoparticles (having primary sizes of 5-10 nm) is investigated in this study. The two kinds of nanoparticles are SiO 2 without any surface modification (NSM-SiO 2 ) and SiO 2 modified with an organic compound (SM-SiO 2 ). The introduction of a 99.8-103.4 dB and 50 Hz acoustic field reduces the superficial minimum fluidization gas velocity, U mf,super , significantly for the two kinds of nanoparticles, and when the sound pressure level increases, the values of U mf,super decrease gradually. With the agitation of a 100 dB acoustic field, the SM-SiO 2 nanoparticles could fluidize smoothly similar to Geldart-A particles over the frequency range of 40-60 Hz. NSM-SiO 2 failed to fluidize so smoothly, but significant improvement was observed over such a frequency range. Different fluidization behavior, different bed expansion, and agglomerating behavior were also observed for the two kinds of nanoparticles, which indicate that the surface properties of nanoparticles have significant influences on their fluidization behaviors.
“…Many methods have been developed to improve the fluidization behavior of cohesive Geldart-C particles, for example, adding another kind of particles to the bed [5][6][7] and introducing a magnetic field, 8,9 acoustic field, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] or vibrating field. 5,[17][18][19][20] Among these methods, sound-assisted fluidization is particularly attractive because no internals are needed and there is no limitation for the particle type.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many methods have been developed to improve the fluidization behavior of cohesive Geldart-C particles, for example, adding another kind of particles to the bed − and introducing a magnetic field, , acoustic field, − or vibrating field. ,− Among these methods, sound-assisted fluidization is particularly attractive because no internals are needed and there is no limitation for the particle type. 1 Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus: 1, compressor; 2, surge tank and desiccator; 3, rotamer; 4, fluidized bed; 5, loudspeaker; 6, sound amplifier; 7, signal generator; 8, manometer.…”
Sound-assisted fluidization of two kinds of SiO 2 nanoparticles (having primary sizes of 5-10 nm) is investigated in this study. The two kinds of nanoparticles are SiO 2 without any surface modification (NSM-SiO 2 ) and SiO 2 modified with an organic compound (SM-SiO 2 ). The introduction of a 99.8-103.4 dB and 50 Hz acoustic field reduces the superficial minimum fluidization gas velocity, U mf,super , significantly for the two kinds of nanoparticles, and when the sound pressure level increases, the values of U mf,super decrease gradually. With the agitation of a 100 dB acoustic field, the SM-SiO 2 nanoparticles could fluidize smoothly similar to Geldart-A particles over the frequency range of 40-60 Hz. NSM-SiO 2 failed to fluidize so smoothly, but significant improvement was observed over such a frequency range. Different fluidization behavior, different bed expansion, and agglomerating behavior were also observed for the two kinds of nanoparticles, which indicate that the surface properties of nanoparticles have significant influences on their fluidization behaviors.
“…The vibro-fluidized bed is used for drying [2], coating [3,4] and chemical reactors [5]. The fluidity of cohesive or wet powders can be improved by vibrations, which lead to the breaking of the stable channels.…”
“…The size of agglomerates, minimum fluidization velocity, and the entrainment of fine powder decreases in the presence of the acoustic field. Mori et al [6], Jaraiz et al [7], and Nam et al [8] reported that a vibrating field achieved the stable agglomerate fluidization of fine powder. In addition, a magnetic field can influence significantly the fluidization behavior of particles [8±10].…”
Section: Fluidization Behaviors For Coating Cohesive Particlesmentioning
Communications the feed streams. The inner diameter was 1600 lm. At position 12 a tantalum orifice plate with nine orifices, each 100 lm, was installed. The sulfuric acid was injected here. At position 13 the main components were mixed. At position 14 a tantalum orifice plate with one orifice, 35 lm, was installed. The nitric acid was injected at this point. At position 16 a tantalum orifice plate with one orifice, 35 lm, was installed, and the benzene was injected at this position. At position 15 a tantalum orifice plate with nine orifices, each 100 lm, was installed. The reaction mixture left the first modular component here. After various retention times, the inner diameter was increased to 2000 lm. At position 17 a tantalum orifice plate with nine orifices, each 35 lm, was installed. No orifice plate was installed at position 18. After various retention times a T-piece was installed. At position 21 and 23 a tantalum orifice plate with nine orifices, each 100 lm, was installed. At position 22 a tantalum orifice plate with one orifice, 35 lm, was installed. Sulfuric acid, nitric acid or benzene were alternatively injected at this point. At position 25 a tantalum orifice plate with nine orifices, each 100 lm, was installed. Again, various retention times were realized.Using the described reactor parameters, screening was executed for adiabatic nitration. The reactor was insulated completely. Temperature indicators were installed along the piping for investigation of the reaction. The inlet temperatures of nitric acid, sulfuric acid and benzene were varied. Also influences of retention times, composition of the reaction mixture and dosing of nitric acid, sulfuric acid and benzene at position 22 were investigated. The received data from the microreactor were compared and fit very well to the data from an industrial scale plant. The results from the microreactor were used to improve the product quality in the industrial scale plant.
SummaryUsing the new modular microreactor it is possible to investigate different reactions quickly and without major financial expense. Due to the modularity of the reactor, it can be adapted to simulate industrial scale plants. Nearly all process parameters like temperature, pressure, etc. can be adjusted. Additionally, it is easy to simulate the influence of changes in the equipment. A screening of parameters is possible in less time and with fewer costs. In most cases the results can be directly scaled up and pilot scale plants are not required. Tests in industrial scale production plants are minimized. The new microreactor can be used for isothermal as well as for adiabatic nitrations.The results can normally be directly used in industrial scale plants for process improvement. Also new processes can be developed. A further application for the new reactor is the production of small quantities of products in the laboratory. In particular, thermally unstable and sensitive compounds can be produced as the whole reactor can be operated at very low temperatures.
______________________
F...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
