Vibrios Commonly Possess Two Chromosomes

Okada, Kazuhisa; Iida, Tetsuya; Kita-Tsukamoto, Kumiko; Honda, Takeshi

doi:10.1128/jb.187.2.752-757.2005

Cited by 158 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A combination of Sanger sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing yielded high-quality assembly of the EX25genome, with an asymmetrical, two-chromosome structure observed, consistent for Vibrio genomes (37). The larger (C-I) and smaller (C-II) chromosomes comprised 3.26 and 1.83 Mb, respectively ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria related to human pathogenic Vibrio species

Hasan

Grim

Lipp

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Vibrio species are both ubiquitous and abundant in marine coastal waters, estuaries, ocean sediment, and aquaculture settings worldwide. We report here the isolation, characterization, and genome sequence of a novel Vibrio species, Vibrio antiquarius, isolated from a mesophilic bacterial community associated with hydrothermal vents located along the East Pacific Rise, near the southwest coast of Mexico. Genomic and phenotypic analysis revealed V. antiquarius is closely related to pathogenic Vibrio species, namely Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio vulnificus, but sufficiently divergent to warrant a separate species status. The V. antiquarius genome encodes genes and operons with ecological functions relevant to the environment conditions of the deep sea and also harbors factors known to be involved in human disease caused by freshwater, coastal, and brackish water vibrios. The presence of virulence factors in this deep-sea Vibrio species suggests a far more fundamental role of these factors for their bacterial host. Comparative genomics revealed a variety of genomic events that may have provided an important driving force in V. antiquarius evolution, facilitating response to environmental conditions of the deep sea.W ith more than 110 recognized species, the genus Vibrio comprises a diverse group of heterotrophic bacteria, of which many are known pathogens, causing disease in animals and humans (1, 2). Vibrio cholerae is the most notorious because it is the causative agent of cholera. Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus cause severe illness in humans and are associated with consumption of contaminated seafood (3, 4). Vibrio harveyi (5), Vibrio anguillarum (6, 7), and V. parahaemolyticus (8) continue to cause substantial economic losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide.Vibrios demonstrate a wide range of niche specialization: for example, free-living, attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces, and resident in both estuarine and marine habitats (9). The deep sea constitutes the largest habitat of the biosphere that supports microbial communities across three domains of life and represents an environment where physiochemical parameters-such as low temperature, high salinity, and high pressure-modulate community structure (10, 11). Several studies have shown the presence of physiologically, metabolically, and phylogenetically diverse mesophilic microbial communities in the deep sea, including Vibrio species (12-15). Barotolerant Vibrio spp. have been isolated from deep-sea sediment and from the gut microflora of invertebrates and fish collected from a variety of deepsea habitats, including hydrothermal vents (16,17). For example, strains of Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from mud-water samples collected at a depth of 4,940 m, 150 miles east of Cape Canaveral, Florida (18). Several culturedependent and -independent studies have confirmed the ubiquity of vibrios, and suggested Vibrio populations generally comprise approximately 1% (by molecular...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria related to human pathogenic Vibrio species

Hasan

Grim

Lipp

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…coralliilyticus genome To investigate the presence of potential virulence factors, we performed whole genome sequencing of Vc450 and identified an asymmetrical, two-chromosome structure consistent among all Vibrio genomes examined (Okada et al, 2005;Chun et al, 2009). The larger (C1-3 416 103 bp) and smaller (C2-1 865 911 bp) chromosomes follow a gene distribution pattern typical for vibrios with C1 predominantly carrying genes for viability and growth, and C2 mostly bearing genes for adaptation to environmental change (Makino et al, 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature regulation of virulence factors in the pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus

Kimes

Grim

Johnson³

et al. 2011

The ISME Journal

225

200

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Sea surface temperatures (SST) are rising because of global climate change. As a result, pathogenic Vibrio species that infect humans and marine organisms during warmer summer months are of growing concern. Coral reefs, in particular, are already experiencing unprecedented degradation worldwide due in part to infectious disease outbreaks and bleaching episodes that are exacerbated by increasing SST. For example, Vibrio coralliilyticus, a globally distributed bacterium associated with multiple coral diseases, infects corals at temperatures above 27 1C. The mechanisms underlying this temperature-dependent pathogenicity, however, are unknown. In this study, we identify potential virulence mechanisms using whole genome sequencing of V. coralliilyticus ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) BAA-450. Furthermore, we demonstrate direct temperature regulation of numerous virulence factors using proteomic analysis and bioassays. Virulence factors involved in motility, host degradation, secretion, antimicrobial resistance and transcriptional regulation are upregulated at the higher virulent temperature of 27 1C, concurrent with phenotypic changes in motility, antibiotic resistance, hemolysis, cytotoxicity and bioluminescence. These results provide evidence that temperature regulates multiple virulence mechanisms in V. coralliilyticus, independent of abundance. The ecological and biological significance of this temperature-dependent virulence response is reinforced by climate change models that predict tropical SST to consistently exceed 27 1C during the spring, summer and fall seasons. We propose V. coralliilyticus as a model Gram-negative bacterium to study temperature-dependent pathogenicity in Vibrio-related diseases.

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“…Prokaryotic cells seem simpler and often have only one chromosome with one origin. There are, however, also many examples of bacteria with multiple chromosomes, such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Suwanto & Kaplan, 1989), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AllardetServent et al, 1993), members of the genus Burkholderia (Wigley & Burton, 2000) and all known Vibrio species (Okada et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication patterns and organization of replication forks in Vibrio cholerae

2011

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We have investigated the replication patterns of the two chromosomes of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae grown in four different media. By combining flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR with computer simulations, we show that in rich media, V. cholerae cells grow with overlapping replication cycles of both the large chromosome (ChrI) and the small chromosome (ChrII). In Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, initiation occurs at four copies of the ChrI origin and two copies of the ChrII origin. Replication of ChrII was found to occur at the end of the ChrI replication period in all four growth conditions. Novel cell-sorting experiments with marker frequency analysis support these conclusions. Incubation with protein synthesis inhibitors indicated that the potential for initiation of replication of ChrII was present at the same time as that of ChrI, but was actively delayed until much of ChrI was replicated. Investigations of the localization of SeqA bound to new DNA at replication forks indicated that the forks were co-localized in pairs when cells grew without overlapping replication cycles and in higher-order structures during more rapid growth. The increased degree of fork organization during rapid growth may be a means by which correct segregation of daughter molecules is facilitated.

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Vibrios Commonly Possess Two Chromosomes

Cited by 158 publications

References 47 publications

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria related to human pathogenic Vibrio species

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria related to human pathogenic Vibrio species

Temperature regulation of virulence factors in the pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus

Replication patterns and organization of replication forks in Vibrio cholerae

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