Vibrio vulnificus. Man and the sea

Johnston, Jeffrey M.; Becker, Susan F.; McFarland, Louise M.

doi:10.1001/jama.253.19.2850

Cited by 49 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Cases of central nervous system disease, wound infections, and osteomyelitis have resulted from wounds exposed to V. alginolyticus in saltwater (57)(58)(59), and leg gangrene and sepsis have been attributed to V. parahaemolyticus exposure in New England coastal waters (60). V. vulnificus (61,62) has caused endometritis (63), serious wound infections, and fatal septicemia.…”

Section: Recreation-related Waterborne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

Rose

Epstein

Lipp

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

202

156

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Exposure to waterborne and foodborne pathogens can occur via drinking water (associated with fecal contamination), seafood (due to natural microbial hazards, toxins, or wastewater disposal) or fresh produce (irrigated or processed with contaminated water). Weather influences the transport and dissemination of these microbial agents via rainfall and runoff and the survival and/or growth through such factors as temperature. Federal and state laws and regulatory programs protect much of the U.S. population from waterborne disease; however, if climate variability increases, current and future deficiencies in areas such as watershed protection, infrastructure, and storm drainage systems will probably increase the risk of contamination events. Knowledge about transport processes and the fate of microbial pollutants associated with rainfall and snowmelt is key to predicting risks from a change in weather variability. Although recent studies identified links between climate variability and occurrence of microbial agents in water, the relationships need further quantification in the context of other stresses. In the marine environment as well, there are few studies that adequately address the potential health effects of climate variability in combination with other stresses such as overfishing, introduced species, and rise in sea level. Advances in monitoring are necessary to enhance early-warning and prevention capabilities. Application of existing technologies, such as molecular fingerprinting to track contaminant sources or satellite remote sensing to detect coastal algal blooms, could be expanded. This assessment recommends incorporating a range of future scenarios of improvement plans for current deficiencies in the public health infrastructure to achieve more realistic risk assessments.

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Section: Recreation-related Waterborne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the local environment interacts with microbial spread in multiple and complex ways. V. vulnificus is a naturally occurring estuarine bacterium that causes a high percentage of mortality associated with contaminated shellfish consumption (61,79).…”

Section: Foodborne Diseases Related To Water Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

Rose

Epstein

Lipp

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

202

156

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“…However, the infection caused by V. vulnificus biotype 1 is often associated with patients who have diseases predisposing them to iron overload [26,27]. The inability of biotype 1 to multiply in human serum in the presence of ethylene diamine di(o-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid), an iron chelator used for removal of free iron, has been documented [28,29].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High growing ability of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 1 is essential for production of a toxic metalloprotease causing systemic diseases in humans

Watanabe

Miyoshi

Kawase

et al. 2004

Microbial Pathogenesis

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Vibrio vulnificus biotype 1, a causative agent of fatal septicemia or wound infection in humans, is known to produce a toxic metalloprotease as an important virulence determinant. V. vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar E), a primary eel pathogen, was found to elaborate an extracellular metalloprotease that was indistinguishable from that of biotype 1. The potential of V. vulnificus biotype 1 for production of the metalloprotease was compared with biotype 2 and other human non-pathogenic Vibrio species (V. anguillarum and V. proteolyticus). When cultivated at 25o C in tryptone-yeast extract broth supplemented with 0.9 % NaCl, all bacteria multiplied sufficiently and secreted significant amounts of the metalloprotease. However, at 37 o C with 0.9 % NaCl, V.anguillarum neither grew nor produced the metalloprotease. In human serum, only V.vulnificus biotype 1 revealed a steady multiplication accompanied with production of the extracellular metalloprotease. This prominent ability of biotype 1 in growth and protease production may contribute to cause serious systemic diseases in humans.

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“…Primary septicemia is often acquired by eating raw oysters or shellfish, and wound infections are associated with exposure of wounds to seawater (30,62). Primary septicemia is often associated with patients who have diseases predisposing them to iron overload, such as cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and alcoholism, or who are immunocompromised (28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and Characterization ofvuuA, a Gene Encoding theVibrio vulnificusFerric Vulnibactin Receptor

Webster

Litwin

2000

Infect Immun

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The ability of Vibrio vulnificus to acquire iron from the host has been shown to correlate with virulence. Many iron transport genes are regulated by iron, and in V. vulnificus, transcriptional regulation by iron depends on the fur gene. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 72-kDa iron-regulated outer membrane protein purified from a V. vulnificus fur mutant had 53% homology with the first 15 amino acids of the mature protein of the Vibrio cholerae vibriobactin receptor, ViuA. In this report, we describe the cloning, DNA sequence, mutagenesis, and analysis of transcriptional regulation of the structural gene for VuuA, the vulnibactin receptor of V. Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic marine bacterium that has been associated with primary septicemia and serious wound infections (7,39,40,42). Primary septicemia is often acquired by eating raw oysters or shellfish, and wound infections are associated with exposure of wounds to seawater (30, 62). Primary septicemia is often associated with patients who have diseases predisposing them to iron overload, such as cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and alcoholism, or who are immunocompromised (28).Iron is an essential element for the growth of most bacteria. In the mammalian host, most intracellular iron is found as heme, ferritin, hemoglobin, and hemosiderin. The concentration of available iron in the extracellular environment is extremely low because of the binding of iron to host high-affinity iron-binding proteins, such as transferrin and lactoferrin (3). Bacteria have evolved various mechanisms for the acquisition of iron from the host, including specific uptake of iron-chelating siderophores or the use of host iron compounds directly. Production of these iron uptake systems is repressed in the presence of iron by an iron-binding repressor protein called Fur (for ferric uptake regulation) (2).Iron appears to be particularly important in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus infections. Stelma et al. (60) found that iron overload was a more significant risk factor for infection than impaired immune function. Virulent isolates were resistant to inactivation by serum complement, produced a phenolate (catechol) siderophore, had high titers of hemolysin, and utilized transferrin-bound iron. Avirulent isolates in that study were unable either to utilize transferrin-bound iron or to produce significant amounts of catechol siderophore. The results suggest that the phenolate (catechol) siderophore enables the virulent isolates to acquire iron from highly saturated transferrin. Morris et al. (41) also found a significant association between virulence and the utilization of transferrin as an iron source. The structure of the phenolate siderophore of V. vulnificus, named vulnibactin, has been characterized (47). We recently isolated a V. vulnificus mutant that was unable to produce catechol siderophores or to acquire iron from transferrin (34). This mutant showed reduced virulence in an infant mouse model.A V. vulnificus fur deletion mutant overexpresses at least two normally iron-regul...

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Vibrio vulnificus. Man and the sea

Cited by 49 publications

References 17 publications

Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

High growing ability of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 1 is essential for production of a toxic metalloprotease causing systemic diseases in humans

Cloning and Characterization ofvuuA, a Gene Encoding theVibrio vulnificusFerric Vulnibactin Receptor

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