Vibrio vulnificus and molluscan shellfish: The necessity of education for high-risk individuals

Ross, Evelyn Ennis; Guyer, Laura K.; Varnes, Jill; Rodrick, Gary E.

doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)90375-1

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…People with liver disease, including individuals with chronic alcohol use, hemochromatosis, diabetes, organ transplants, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, should be warned of the dangers of eating raw shellfish, especially oysters (21,37,44). However, even individuals with the known risk factors are not equally susceptible to becoming infected after exposure to V. vulnificus.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, not all individuals with liver disease are equally susceptible, nor is liver disease the only condition that predisposes an individual to infection. Other clinical conditions, including diabetes mellitus, hemochromatosis, immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplant recipients, cancer, and HIV infection, are also potential risk factors (6,37). These conditions affect the immune system and likely prevent individuals from eliciting an appropriate innate immune response when they come in contact with V. vulnificus.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Vibrio vulnificus Elicited by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Chronic Alcohol Users Is Associated with Biomarkers of Cellular Oxidative Stress

et al. 2003

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Vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of death in the United States associated with the consumption of raw seafood, particularly oysters. In epidemiological studies, primary septicemia and inflammation-mediated septic shock caused by V. vulnificus is strongly associated with liver disease, often in the context of chronic alcohol abuse. The present study was undertaken to determine whether clinical biomarkers of liver function or cellular oxidative stress are associated with peripheral blood mononuclear cell inflammatory cytokine responses to V. vulnificus. Levels of interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha elicited in response to V. vulnificus and measured in cell supernatants were not associated with the liver biomarkers aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or the AST/ALT ratio. Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium found commonly in marine and estuarine environments. In the United States, it predominates in the warm waters of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts (25, 27, 28). Despite not being a notifiable disease, each year there are 20 to 50 reported cases of V. vulnificus primary septicemia in the United States, occurring most often following the consumption of naturally contaminated raw oysters (2, 14). V. vulnificus also has the ability to cause gastroenteritis, which is generally self-limiting, and wound infections in otherwise healthy individuals (17, 32). Primary septicemia is seen almost exclusively in people with an underlying condition affecting their immune system. In epidemiological studies, primary septicemia caused by V. vulnificus is most often associated with preexisting liver disease, although other conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, hemochromatosis, immunodeficiency, or malignancy, may also increase susceptibility to this organism (2,14,17,24,41). The impairment of iron metabolism and resultant iron overload associated with many of these conditions is thought to support increased V. vulnificus growth and reduced immune clearance (1, 15, 16). Primary septicemia caused by V. vulnificus appears to follow a classical septic shock pathway, including an overwhelming inflammatory cytokine response followed by multiorgan failure and death. Presently, there is no effective treatment for V. vulnificus once someone has developed primary septicemia, and death usually ensues. It should be noted that V. vulnificus has many similarities with other gram-negative, encapsulated, opportunistic bacterial pathogens and likely exploits similar host susceptibility pathways that could be targeted for intervention.To date, the majority of V. vulnificus studies have focused on the bacterial factors involved in disease (41). Therefore, while much is now known about some of the bacterial factors involved in the disease process, little is understood about host cellular factors leading to susceptibility. It has been previously shown that V. vulnificus has the ability to elicit inflammationassociated cytokines from primary human cells in vitro and from animals...

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Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Vibrio vulnificus Elicited by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Chronic Alcohol Users Is Associated with Biomarkers of Cellular Oxidative Stress

et al. 2003

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“…In the past ten years, an increasing number of infections from Vibrio spp. have been recognized in the U.S., resulting in initiatives to reduce their impact on human health (Ross et al 1994;Hlady and Klontz 1996;Bag et al 1999;Basu et al 2000). These efforts have mostly involved educational interventions that should also be complemented with tools to predict their occurrence, levels, and associated risks, in U.S. coastal environments and edible seafood.…”

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confidence: 99%

Coastal Vibrios: Identifying Relationships between Environmental Condition and Human Disease

Tamplin

2001

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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Vibrio spp. cause frank and opportunistic infections of humans through exposure to seafood and seawater. Due to their natural occurrence in coastal environments, traditional indicator organisms, such as E. coli, do not predict their presence. This problem has complicated public health initiatives aimed at reducing the impact of illnesses from Vibrio spp. In the U.S., V. vulnificus has received extensive study due to the severity of its disease in humans. Its numbers increase with warmer summer temperature, and decline to nondetectable levels in colder winter months. In environments with salinities greater than 20 ppt, V. vulnificus numbers decline to levels that do not pose human health risks. A similar response to temperature has been observed for pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus, where recent outbreaks of illness have been associated with El Niño weather conditions. In addition, temperature-induced plankton blooms have been linked to epidemic cholera in certain geographical regions of the world. New research shows that seawater temperature and salinity can be used to develop mathematical models of V. vulnificus incidence in coastal environments. Similar efforts might be extended to other Vibrio spp. to develop indicators that predict human health risk, as well as ecosystem integrity.

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“…Consequently, warnings continue to bc issued, especially to high-risk groups (c.g., Anon, 1993;Cabelof, 1994) and education is critical (Ross et al, 1994).…”

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Potentially PathogenicVibriospp. in Market Seafood and Natural Habitats from Southern New England and Florida

Buck

1998

Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology

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Potentially pathogenic vibrios were sought in a total of 381 samples of finfish and shellfish collected from natural habitats and retail outlets in southern New England (NE) and west central Florida (FL). The overall percent o f samples yielding Vibrio spp. was as follows: NE (environment 73%, fish market 58%, supermarket 36%); FL (environment 94%, fish market 77%, supermarket 60%). I n all cases, the recovery o f vibrios from molluscan shellfish obtained from retail sources was significantly greater during the period June to October than during November to May. Vibrio alginolyticus and K paruhaemolyticus were the most frequently isolated species although Kfluvialis, K damsela, K cl~olerue and K vt~lnificus were recovercd also. The results indicate that potentially dangerous vibrios are common in seafood products at the retail level in both NE and FL. [Articlecopies uvuiluble for u fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@/taworthpressit~c.com]

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Vibrio vulnificus and molluscan shellfish: The necessity of education for high-risk individuals

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Vibrio vulnificus Elicited by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Chronic Alcohol Users Is Associated with Biomarkers of Cellular Oxidative Stress

Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Vibrio vulnificus Elicited by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Chronic Alcohol Users Is Associated with Biomarkers of Cellular Oxidative Stress

Coastal Vibrios: Identifying Relationships between Environmental Condition and Human Disease

Potentially PathogenicVibriospp. in Market Seafood and Natural Habitats from Southern New England and Florida

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