Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis: An outbreak associated with raw oysters in the pacific northwest

Nolan, Charles M.; Ballard, Jane; Kaysner, Charles A.; Lilja, J L; Williams, Lisa-Mae; Tenover, Fred C.

doi:10.1016/0732-8893(84)90007-5

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…1; also see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Strains positive for tdh, trh, and ureR have been persistently isolated from the west coast of the United States since 1979 (1,30,32,43,48), and the presence of urease has been suggested as a predictor of potential pathogenic isolates in the PNW (29) and several other geographic locations (35,45,51,56).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Clinical and Environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains from the Pacific Northwest

Paranjpye

Hamel

Stojanovski

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Since 1997, cases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-related gastroenteritis from the consumption of raw oysters harvested in Washington State have been higher than historical levels. These cases have shown little or no correlation with concentrations of potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (positive for the thermostable direct hemolysin gene, tdh) in oysters, although significant concentrations of tdh ؉ V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from shellfish-growing areas in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). We compared clinical and environmental strains isolated from the PNW to those from other geographic regions within the United States and Asia for the presence of virulence-associated genes, including the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), the thermostable-related hemolysin (trh), urease (ureR), the pandemic group specific markers orf8 and toxRS, and genes encoding both type 3 secretion systems (T3SS1 and T3SS2). The majority of clinical strains from the PNW were positive for tdh, trh, and ureR genes, while a significant proportion of environmental isolates were tdh ؉ but trh negative. Hierarchical clustering grouped the majority of these clinical isolates into a cluster distinct from that including the pandemic strain RIMD2210633, clinical isolates from other geographical regions, and tdh ؉ , trh-negative environmental isolates from the PNW. We detected T3SS2-related genes (T3SS2␤) in environmental strains that were tdh and trh negative. The presence of significant concentrations of tdh ؉ , trhnegative environmental strains in the PNW that have not been responsible for illness and T3SS2␤ in tdh-and trh-negative strains emphasizes the diversity in this species and the need to identify additional virulence markers for this bacterium to improve risk assessment tools for the detection of this pathogen.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Clinical and Environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains from the Pacific Northwest

Paranjpye

Hamel

Stojanovski

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, which is often caused by ingestion of raw or improperly cooked shellfish (2,11,20,33). The infection is usually self-limiting and of moderate severity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Disruption of Epithelial Cell Tight Junctions Occurs Independently of Toxin Production

et al. 2005

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. Virulence is commonly associated with the production of two toxins, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH). Although the majority of clinical isolates produce TDH and/or TRH, clinical samples lacking toxin genes have been identified. In the present study, we investigated the effects of V. parahaemolyticus on transepithelial resistance (TER) and paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cultured epithelial cells. We found that V. parahaemolyticus profoundly disrupts epithelial barrier function in Caco-2 cells and that this disruption occurs independently of toxin production. Clinical isolates with different toxin genotypes all led to a significant decrease in TER, which was accompanied by an increased flux of fluorescent dextran across the Caco-2 monolayer, and profound disruption of actin and the tight junction-associated proteins zonula occludin protein 1 and occludin. Purified TDH, even at concentrations eightfold higher than those produced by the bacteria, had no effect on either TER or paracellular permeability. We used lactate dehydrogenase release as a measure of cytotoxicity and found that this parameter did not correlate with the ability to disrupt tight junctions. As the effect on barrier function occurs independently of toxin production, we used PCR to determine the toxin genotypes of V. parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from both clinical and environmental sources, and we found that 5.6% of the clinical isolates were toxin negative. These data strongly indicate that the effect on tight junctions is not due to TDH and suggest that there are other virulence factors.

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“…In addition, effect of the trh gene on tdh transcription needs to be evaluated. A small portion of V. parahaemolyticus strains produce urease (1,3,7,10,12,21,23,24,37), and almost all urease-positive strains carry the trh (either trh1 or trh2) gene (8,22,24,28,31,33,34). We demonstrated that urease production influenced the transcription of neither the trh nor tdh gene (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and Specific Detection of tdh , trh 1, and trh 2 mRNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by Transcription-Reverse Transcription Concerted Reaction with an Automated System

Nakaguchi

Ishizuka²,

Ohnaka³

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains carrying the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) tdh gene, the TDH-related hemolysin (trh) gene, or both genes are considered virulent strains. We previously demonstrated that the transcription-reverse transcription concerted (TRC) method could be used to quantify the amount of mRNA transcribed from the tdh gene by using an automated detection system. In this study, we devised two TRC-based assays to quantify the mRNAs transcribed from the trh1 and trh2 genes, the two representative trh genes. The TRC-based detection assays for the tdh, trh1, and trh2 transcripts could specifically and quantitatively detect 10 3 to 10 7 copies of the corresponding calibrator RNAs. We examined by the three TRC assays the total RNA preparations extracted from 103 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying the tdh, trh1, or trh2 gene in various combinations. The tdh, trh1, and trh2 mRNAs in the total RNA preparations were specifically quantified, and the time needed for detection ranged from 9 to 19 min, from 14 to 18 min, and from 9 to 12 min, respectively. The results showed that this automated TRC assays could detect the tdh, trh1, and trh2 mRNAs specifically, quantitatively, and rapidly. The relative levels of TDH determined by the immunological method and that of tdh mRNA determined by the TRC assays for most tdh-positive strains correlated. Interestingly, the levels of TDH produced from the strains carrying both tdh and trh genes were lower than those carrying only the tdh gene, whereas the levels of mRNA did not significantly differ between the two groups.Vibrio parahaemolyticus can cause seafood-borne gastroenteritis in humans. However, not all strains are considered virulent strains. The Kanagawa phenomenon, ␤-type hemolysis in Wagatsuma agar was formerly considered the marker of virulent strains because early studies demonstrated that most clinical strains, but few environmental strains, exhibit this phenomenon (16,29). Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) is responsible for the Kanagawa phenomenon. Subsequently, clinical strains lacking the ability to produce TDH but producing a TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) were discovered (5, 6). The strains carrying the tdh gene encoding TDH, the trh gene encoding TRH, or both genes are now considered to be virulent strains (19); the strains carrying these hemolysin genes are strongly associated with clinical cases (11, 30). Therefore, in investigations of the infection by V. parahaemolyticus, the V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from clinical specimens are usually examined for the tdh and trh genes in most laboratories. The strains carrying the tdh gene, the trh gene, or both genes are then examined for the O:K serotype and, if possible, the DNA fingerprint for epidemiological investigation.Our study group reported five variants of the tdh genes, tdh1 and tdh2 from a Kanagawa phenomenon-positive strain and tdh3, tdh4, and tdh5 genes from Kanagawa phenomenon-negative strains, and these five variants of the tdh gene share Ͼ97% sequence identity (19). T...

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis: An outbreak associated with raw oysters in the pacific northwest

Cited by 50 publications

References 21 publications

Genetic Diversity of Clinical and Environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains from the Pacific Northwest

Genetic Diversity of Clinical and Environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains from the Pacific Northwest

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Disruption of Epithelial Cell Tight Junctions Occurs Independently of Toxin Production

Rapid and Specific Detection of tdh , trh 1, and trh 2 mRNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by Transcription-Reverse Transcription Concerted Reaction with an Automated System

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