Vibrio cholerae Released by Protozoa are Hyperinfectious

Mitterer, Fabian; Pombo, João Palma Neves; Schild, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2019.11.003

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…cholerae , and the excretion of live V . cholerae inside expelled food vacuoles by aquatic predatory protozoa [ 26 ] . Within Sabah, transmission modes remain uncharacterised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have proposed that cholera outbreaks are partially driven by an increase in the hyperinfectious V. cholerae population and quenched by an increase in virulent phages in infected humans and in environmental reservoirs [25]. At least three transmission modes associated with cholera hyperinfectivity have been identified: V. cholerae shed by humans, biofilm derived V. cholerae, and the excretion of live V. cholerae inside expelled food vacuoles by aquatic predatory protozoa [26]. Within Sabah, transmission modes remain uncharacterised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The incidence, and spatial trends of cholera in Sabah over 15 years: Repeated outbreaks in coastal areas

Maluda,

Johnson,

Robinson

et al. 2024

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Vibrio cholerae remains a notable public health challenge across Malaysia. Although the Malaysian state of Sabah is considered a cholera-affected area, gaps remain in understanding the epidemiological trends and spatial distribution of outbreaks. Therefore, to determine longitudinal and spatial trends in cholera cases data were obtained from the Sabah State Health Department for all notified cases of cholera between 2005–2020. A cholera outbreak is defined as one or more confirmed cases in a single locality with the evidence of local transmission. All records were geolocated to village level. Satellite-derived data and generalised linearized models were used to assess potential risk factors, including population density, elevation, and distance to the sea. Spatiotemporal clustering of reported cholera cases and zones of increased cholera risk were evaluated using the tau statistic (τ) at 550m, 5km and 10km distances. Over a 15-year period between 2005–2020, 2865 cholera cases were recorded in Sabah, with a mean incidence rate of 5.6 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: 3.4–7.9). From 2015–2020, 705 symptomatic cases and 727 asymptomatic cases were reported. Symptomatic cases primarily occurred in local Malaysian populations (62.6%, 441/705) and in children and adolescents under 15-years old (49.4%, 348/705). On average, cases were reported in areas with low population density (19.45 persons/km2), low elevations (19.45m) and near coastal areas. Spatiotemporal clustering of cholera cases was identified up to 3.5km, with increased village-level cholera risk within 500m and 5 days of initial case presentation to a health facility (Risk Ratio = 9.7, 95% CI: 7.5–12.4). Cholera incidence has high spatial and temporal heterogeneity within Sabah, with some districts experiencing repeated outbreaks. Cholera cases clustered across space and time, with village-level risk of cholera highest within 5 days and within close proximity to primary case villages, suggesting local transmission.

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“…cholerae , and the excretion of live V . cholerae inside expelled food vacuoles by aquatic predatory protozoa [ 26 ] . Within Sabah, transmission modes remain uncharacterised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The incidence, and spatial trends of cholera in Sabah over 15 years: Repeated outbreaks in coastal areas

Maluda,

Johnson,

Robinson

et al. 2024

PLOS Glob Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…V. cholerae also resists intracellular digestion and subsequently escapes to the extracellular space inside protozoan expelled food vacuoles (EFVs) 4 . Remarkably, the escape of V. cholerae in EFVs has been recognized as the third state of hyperinfectivity in V. cholerae 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single cell RNA-seq reveals that the Vibrio cholerae MakA toxin is required for killing of Tetrahymena pyriformis and for survival in protozoan expelled food vacuoles

Espinoza-Vergara,

Hoque,

Noorian

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Vibrio cholerae uses multiple strategies to resist predation by heterotrophic protozoa. For example, V. cholerae releases toxic compounds such as ammonium and pyomelanin, that can kill protists such as Tetrahymena pyriformis. V. cholerae also survives intracellularly and escapes as viable cells inside protozoan expelled food vacuoles (EFVs). We previously reported that V. cholerae encased in EFVs are hyperinfectious, establishing an important link between anti-protozoal strategies and bacterial virulence. Although the intracellular resistance and escape of V. cholerae in EFVs has been reported, the molecular mechanisms behind this remain poorly understood. Here, we used single cell transcriptomics of V. cholerae exposed to T. pyriformis and captured a total of 5,344 bacterial cells with heterogeneous gene expression. Cells with the same pattern of gene expression were grouped, resulting in eleven clusters of cells with a unique gene expression profile. Genes encoding outer membrane proteins, F1F0-Na+/H+ ATPase, metabolites and toxins showed differential expression among the clusters. Furthermore, the motility-associated killing factor (Mak) toxins (makA, makB and makC) were differentially expressed. A V. cholerae ΔmakA strain was not capable of killing T. pyriformis and showed reduced survival inside EFVs compared to the wild type. Our findings reveal new insights into the grazing resistance mechanisms of V. cholerae, identify factors associated with the survival of V. cholerae within EFVs and more broadly, highlight the connection between antiprotozoal and virulence factors displayed by pathogenic bacteria.

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Environmental Reservoirs of Pathogenic Vibrio spp. and Their Role in Disease: The List Keeps Expanding

Noorian

Hoque

Espinoza-Vergara

et al. 2023

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Vibrio cholerae Released by Protozoa are Hyperinfectious

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

The incidence, and spatial trends of cholera in Sabah over 15 years: Repeated outbreaks in coastal areas

The incidence, and spatial trends of cholera in Sabah over 15 years: Repeated outbreaks in coastal areas

Single cell RNA-seq reveals that the Vibrio cholerae MakA toxin is required for killing of Tetrahymena pyriformis and for survival in protozoan expelled food vacuoles

Environmental Reservoirs of Pathogenic Vibrio spp. and Their Role in Disease: The List Keeps Expanding

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