Vibrio-associated gastroenteritis in the lower Cross-River Basin of Nigeria

Ndon, J A; Udo, S. M.; Wehrenberg, W B

doi:10.1128/jcm.30.10.2730-2732.1992

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In Nigeria, cholera infections have been reported in both rainy and dry seasons, although the burden of cholera tends to increase during beginning of rainy and dry seasons [1, 25]. The Gomani cholera outbreak occurred during the dry season, similar to the pattern observed in Calabar, South-southern part of Nigeria, where cholera outbreaks mostly occurred during the dry season [26]. This could be attributed to scarcity of potable water during the dry season and therefore the tendency of people to obtain drinking and cooking water from alternative sources with higher risk of contamination which includes stagnant water bodies.Our study highlighted these findings in that cases were likely to obtain drinking water from stagnant Zamani river due to its proximity as opposed to Gurara river [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

A cholera outbreak in a rural north central Nigerian community: an unmatched case-control study

et al. 2019

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BackgroundCholera remains a disease of public health importance in Nigeria associated with high morbidity and mortality. In November 2014, the Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP) was notified of an increase in suspected cholera cases in Gomani, Kwali Local Government Area. NFELTP residents were deployed to investigate the outbreak with the objectives of verifying the diagnosis, identifying risk factors and instituting appropriate control measures to control the outbreak.MethodsWe conducted an unmatched case-control study. We defined a cholera case as any person aged ≥5 years with acute watery diarrhea in Gomani community. We identified community controls. A total of 43 cases and 68 controls were recruited. Structured questionnaires were administered to both cases and controls. Four stool samples from case-patients and two water samples from the community water source were collected for laboratory investigation. We performed univariate and bivariate analysis using Epi-Info version 7.1.3.10.ResultsThe mean age of cases and controls was 20.3 years and 25.4 respectively (p value 0.09). Females constituted 58.1% (cases) and 51.5%(controls). The attack rate was 4.3% with a case fatality rate of 13%. Four stool (100%) specimen tested positive for Vibrio cholerae. The water source and environment were polluted by indiscriminate defecation. Compared to controls, cases were more likely to have drank from Zamani river (OR 14.2, 95% CI: 5.5–36.8) and living in households(HH) with more than 5 persons/HH (OR 5.9, 95% CI: 1.3–27.2). Good hand hygiene was found to be protective (OR 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.7).ConclusionVibrio cholerae was the cause of the outbreak in Gomani. Drinking water from Zamani river, living in overcrowded HH and poor hand hygiene were significantly associated with the outbreak. We initiated hand hygiene and water treatment to control the outbreak.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6299-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

A cholera outbreak in a rural north central Nigerian community: an unmatched case-control study

et al. 2019

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“…[15] This is in contrast to report from Southern Nigeria where most cases are seen during dry season from possible sources such as estuarine waters, fishery products, small streams, and rivers. [16] The devastating activities of “Boko Haram” insurgents have resulted in health crisis in northeastern Nigeria. The senseless destruction of lives, means of livelihood, basic amenities, and health infrastructure by the insurgents was more intense in Borno State.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low case fatality during 2017 cholera outbreak in Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria

et al. 2018

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Background: Cholera is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in areas affected by natural disaster and human conflict. Northeastern Nigeria is experiencing a health crisis due to the destruction of essential amenities such as health infrastructure, sanitation facilities, water supplies, and human resources by Boko Haram insurgents. In 2017, a cholera outbreak occurred in five local government areas (LGAs) hosting internally displaced persons. The Nigeria Center for Disease Control, World Health Organization, Mĕdecins Sans Frontiĕres International, and several other organizations supported disease containment. An emergency operating center (EOC) established by the State Ministry of Health (SMoH) then coordinated the outbreak response. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data extracted from the line list utilized by the SMoH to investigate outbreaks. We evaluated the outbreak by time, place, and person. Attack rate by LGA and age-specific case fatality rate (CFR) was calculated based on cases with complete records for age, sex, place of residence, date of symptom onset, and disease outcome. Results: A total of 5889 cholera cases were reported from five LGAs with an overall attack rate of 395.3/100,000 population. Among 4956 cases with documented outcome, the overall CFR was 0.87%, with CFR ranging from 0% to 6.98% by LGA. The age-specific CFR was highest among those aged ≥60 years (1.92%) and least among those aged 20–29 years at 0.3%. The epidemiological curve revealed two peaks that coincided with periods of heavy rain and flooding. Conclusion: This study reports on the largest ever documented cholera outbreak in five LGAs in Borno State. The outbreak was focused in LGA hit hardest by the destructive activities of insurgents and then spread to neighboring LGAs. The low CFR recorded in this cholera outbreak was achieved through timely detection, reporting, and response by the coordinated efforts of the EOC established by the SMoH that harmonized the outbreak response.

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“…Vibrio parahaemolyticus is responsible for acute diarrheal illness and Gastroenteritis in humans and ranks next to Vibrio cholerae in incidence [21]. Infections with V. cholerae non-O1 or V. parahaemolyticus have most often been associated with or linked to a history of seafood consumption and the most common manifestation of the V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis is bloody and mucus stools [22]. However, some tdh and trh or ctxAB, zot, flrA, and vpsR virulence genes have been identified in strains of vulnificus, fluvialis and mimicus, etc and these have now been ranked among the clinically relevant re-emerging Vibrio pathogens of humans [23,24,5], causing gastroenteritis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Vibrio species in Sea Foods and Water Sources in Cross River State

Tarh

Asikong

Mboto

et al. 2022

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In the coastal areas of the world, most Vibrio species have been incriminated as notorious agents causing foodborne, wound and other infections. These pathogens are known to be associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafoods or the exposure of wounds to warm seawater. Aim: Therefore, this research work was designed with the aim of assessing the microbiological quality of the water bodies as well as the seafoods consumed in Cross River State (CRS). Study Design: The Study was designed using the completely randomized block design and the data was analyzed using of two-way analysis of variance, Generalized Linear Model Univariate analysis. Significant means were separated using the Least significant difference (LSD). Place and Duration of Study: This study was done in the Department of Microbiology, University of CRS, Calabar, CRS, Nigeria, between 2016-2019. Methodology: we evaluated a variety of seafoods viz; crayfish, blue crabs, Periwinkles, apple nails, red lobsters etc. collected from major Beaches, markets and other sale points and water sources (rivers streams sea and gutters) in Calabar, CRS of Nigeria, using standard bacteriological techniques, for the prevalence of Vibrio species. Results: The mean percentage mean viable cell counts obtained ranged from 1.79±3.45 (seawater)-9.15±4.79CFU/mL (gutter water) and 7.68±7.58 (Blue Crab)- 11.37±4.82 CFU/g (fish) in the Rainy season. The counts for the Dry season Ranged from 1.79 ±3.42 (Seawater)-8.94± 4.51(gutter water), and 5.83 7.21 CFU/g (apple snail) -12.64 5.95 CFU/g (Fish). The total percentage mean counts obtained were 8.09±6.91 CFU/mL in the Rainy Season to 7.61±6.58 CFU/mL in the dry Season. From both seasons, the overall total mean count was 11.09±5.94 CFU/ml. From the nine locations evaluated in this study, it was observed that the Mean percentage counts for the Northern Senatorial District (NSD) ranged from 2.81± 3.49 (Ogoja)- 3.14 ±4.07CFU/mL (Obudu). For the Central (CSD) the range was from 3.34 ±4.20 (Boki)- 9.89 ±5.15 (Ikom), while for the Southern (SSD) it was from12.01± 6.52 (Akamkpa)- 14.47 ±5.44 (Calabar). The overall Total percentage mean counts from all the three Senatorial Districts was 14.03±4.86 CFU/mL. From the Northern Senatorial District, the total Percentage mean was 3.01±3.77 CFU/mL, 7.05±5.79 CFU/mL from the Central and 13.49± 5.72 CFU/mL from the Southern Senatorial District. The Vibrio pathotypes isolated include Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) (both O1 and non-O1 serotypes) 1155 (31.61%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus), 752 (20.58%), Vibrio fluvialis (V. fluvialis) 480 (13.14%), V. vulnificus 473 (12.94%) Vibrio mimicus (V. mimicus) 400 (10.95%) and Other Vibrios 394 (10.78%). Out of the 3654 Vibrio isolates, the greatest number 663±3.31 (18.14%) were from Seawater, while the least 133±.84 (3.64%) were from the Gutter Water. Also, the highest number 1245±2.61 (34.07%) came from Calabar, and the least 102±.65 (2.79%) from Obanlikwu. The NSD had the least number 327 (8.95%), followed by the CSD with 570 (15.59%) and then the SSD with 2757 (75.45%) as the highest number of isolates. Conclusion: The presence of these pathogenic bacterial species in common seafoods in this area is of great public health concern. It is therefore important that serious emphasis be laid on proper cooking of these seafoods as well as the establishment of regular hygiene surveillance strategies in the state.

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Vibrio-associated gastroenteritis in the lower Cross-River Basin of Nigeria

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

A cholera outbreak in a rural north central Nigerian community: an unmatched case-control study

A cholera outbreak in a rural north central Nigerian community: an unmatched case-control study

Low case fatality during 2017 cholera outbreak in Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria

Prevalence of Vibrio species in Sea Foods and Water Sources in Cross River State

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