“…The elements of the group vary drastically as the group is descended, with the lighter elements being nonmetals, the heavier elements being metallic in character, and elements in the middle exhibiting semi-metallic character. As in the group 14 elements, the tendency of the heavier group members to show increasing stability of the lower oxidation state can be attributed to the inertpair effect [154]. At this time, with the exception of generator studies by Guseva et al Bismuth is the heaviest element with a stable isotope.…”