Abstract:Haptics in the form of vibrations in game interfaces have the potential to strengthen visual and audio components, and also improve accessibility for certain populations like people with deafblindness. However, building vibrotactile game interfaces is difficult and time consuming. Our research problem was how to make a prototyping tool that facilitated prototyping of vibrotactile game interfaces for phones and gamepads. The results include a description of the prototyping tool we built, which is called VibEd. … Show more
“…Haptic interfaces have a broad range of applications. One of the most commercially demanded areas of their application is computer gaming [1]. Joysticks and wearable haptic controllers are now designed to bring a realistic feeling of virtual environments and enhance the computer games market.…”
The growing demand for haptic technologies in recent years has motivated novel approaches in developing haptic interfaces and control algorithms. Semi-active haptic interfaces, in general, have the advantage of addressing safety concerns which adversely affect their active counterparts. This paper presents the development of a planar semi-active haptic interface using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. The ability of MR dampers to produce controllable resistance forces is the key reason for their utilization in the proposed haptic interface. The proposed planar semi-active haptic interface consists of linear and rotary MR dampers. Each of the MR dampers is modeled experimentally using the Bouc–Wen model. A haptic rendering algorithm called the digital resistance map (DRM) is also developed to control MR dampers. DRM is a high-fidelity haptic rendering algorithm, and proved to be effective to create comprehensive force feedback for operators. MATLAB/Simulink® is used for implementing several DRM scenarios for generating haptic enabled virtual environments. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed haptic interface and rendering algorithm.
“…Haptic interfaces have a broad range of applications. One of the most commercially demanded areas of their application is computer gaming [1]. Joysticks and wearable haptic controllers are now designed to bring a realistic feeling of virtual environments and enhance the computer games market.…”
The growing demand for haptic technologies in recent years has motivated novel approaches in developing haptic interfaces and control algorithms. Semi-active haptic interfaces, in general, have the advantage of addressing safety concerns which adversely affect their active counterparts. This paper presents the development of a planar semi-active haptic interface using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. The ability of MR dampers to produce controllable resistance forces is the key reason for their utilization in the proposed haptic interface. The proposed planar semi-active haptic interface consists of linear and rotary MR dampers. Each of the MR dampers is modeled experimentally using the Bouc–Wen model. A haptic rendering algorithm called the digital resistance map (DRM) is also developed to control MR dampers. DRM is a high-fidelity haptic rendering algorithm, and proved to be effective to create comprehensive force feedback for operators. MATLAB/Simulink® is used for implementing several DRM scenarios for generating haptic enabled virtual environments. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed haptic interface and rendering algorithm.
“…Phospholipase A; (PLA) is the major antigenic eomponent of bee venom [ 14] and represents one or a few ehemieally defined antigens ihal play a role in allergic diseases [18,19). In general, individuals who arc frequently stung by bees over a long period of time, sueh as bee keepers, develop antibodies to PLA mainly of the lgG4 class [ I ].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…22], influenza virus proteins [3]. surface proteins of typhus group Rickett.siae [13], strepiocoecal carbohydrate [14], and keyhole limpet haemoeya-nin [24]. In the present study we investigated the conditions for inducing anti-PLA antibodies from peripherdi blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro.…”
Phospholipase A2 (PLA) is the major antigen of bee venom. Whereas individuals frequently stung by bees, such as bee keepers, show high levels of IgG4 anti-PLA antibodies in serum, most patients sensitive to bee venom possess increased IgE anti-PLA. We have established a culture system by which anti-PLA antibodies can be induced in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in a first step with PLA and/or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). After 3 days of culture the cells were washed and further incubated with fresh medium. Anti-PLA antibodies were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and anti-PLA antibody secreting cells were counted by means of an ELISA plaque assay. Cells from bee keepers, but not those from normal donors, produced anti-PLA IgG in vitro. The isotype pattern of anti-PLA antibodies produced in vitro was identical to that found in serum of the respective donor. Anti-PLA IgM antibody-secreting cells developed at low frequencies in both bee keepers and normal donors whereas PLA-specific IgE could not be detected. The formation of anti-PLA IgG was suppressed by high amounts of antigen, while the IgM response was not affected. We conclude that PWM-induced antibodies reflect the in vivo situation of the donors and that anti-PLA IgG and IgM are regulated by different pathways and mechanisms.
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