“…Although the separators can be evaluated by their simplicity, throughput, purity, and other factors [13], generally, they are classified into two types, active and passive separators [14]. Active separators, such as ultrasound [3,[15][16][17][18][19], optical manipulation [20][21][22], dielectrophoresis (DEP) [23][24][25][26][27][28], magnetophoresis [29,30], and capillary and free-flow electrophoresis [31][32][33][34], involve external forces for separating particles resulting in a controlled separation and high purity [35,36]. However, the heat produced by the electric field in electrophoretic-based separators may harm some cells [35], which has hindered the applications of this type of active separator.…”