Viability of tallow inclusion in Atlantic salmon diet, as assessed by an on-farm grow out trial

Emery, James A.; Smullen, Richard P.; Keast, Russell; Turchini, Giovanni M.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.023

Cited by 17 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Dietary demand for LC-PUFA appears to have been reduced by feeding SFA-and MUFA-rich lipids in a number of fishes, and an effective reduction in the dietary requirement of Atlantic salmon for EPA and/or DHA would explain the absence of growth suppression among fish fed the NC diet. A dietary SFA/MUFA/C 18 PUFA balance-mediated effect on LC-PUFA demand has been observed among fish fed beef tallow-based feeds before [21,22,41], and is consistent with our present results. Alternatively, it may be that the reported requirements of Atlantic salmon are not fully accurate and acceptable growth performance may be achieved when feeding less than 5 g EPA + DHA/kg feed, regardless of the alternative lipid used.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Dietary 18:2n-6 levels were quite consistent among treatments; however, fillet levels of this fatty acid varied somewhat more. However, it is well documented that 18:2n-6 and n-3 LC PUFA 'compete' for deposition in the fillet, therefore one can expect variation in dietary content of 18:2n-6 to affect tissue n-3 LC-PUFA content and vice versa [21,22,25,39,48,49]. As was the case for EPA and DHA, differences observed in fillet 20:4n-6 were predominantly the result of varying dietary content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…It is also unclear whether n-3 LC-PUFA metabolism in Atlantic salmon is influenced by intake of other fatty acids, i.e., SFA and MUFA. To address these data gaps, this study evaluated tallow as a SFA/MUFA-rich alternative to fish oil in Atlantic salmon feeds [21,22], as well as the effect of supplementing tallow-based feeds with EPA, DHA, or both fatty acids. The ultimate objective of this study was that of comparing the effect of supplementing dietary EPA or DHA alone, or in combination, and at different inclusion levels, in order to gain insight into their metabolic fate in terms of overall apparent fatty acid metabolism, and what influence this has over resulting tissue levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncoupling EPA and DHA in Fish Nutrition: Dietary Demand is Limited in Atlantic Salmon and Effectively Met by DHA Alone

Emery

Norambuena

Trushenski

et al. 2016

Lipids

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Due to the scarcity of marine fish oil resources, the aquaculture industry is developing more efficient strategies for the utilization of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). A better understanding of how fish utilize EPA and DHA, typically provided by fish oil, is needed. However, EPA and DHA have different physiological functions, may be metabolized and incorporated into tissues differently, and may vary in terms of their importance in meeting the fatty acid requirements of fish. To address these questions, Atlantic salmon were fed experimental diets containing, as the sole added dietary lipid source, fish oil (positive control), tallow (negative control), or tallow supplemented with EPA, DHA, or both fatty acids to ~50 or 100% of their respective levels in the positive control diet. Following 14 weeks of feeding, the negative control diet yielded optimum growth performance. Though surprising, these results support the notion that Atlantic salmon requirements for n-3 LC-PUFA are quite low. EPA was largely β-oxidized and inefficiently deposited in tissues, and increasing dietary levels were associated with potential negative effects on growth. Conversely, DHA was completely spared from catabolism and very efficiently deposited into flesh. EPA bioconversion to DHA was largely influenced by substrate availability, with the presence of preformed DHA having little inhibitory effect. These results clearly indicate EPA and DHA are metabolized differently by Atlantic salmon, and suggest that the n-3 LC-PUFA dietary requirements of Atlantic salmon may be lower than reported and different, if originating primarily from EPA or DHA.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncoupling EPA and DHA in Fish Nutrition: Dietary Demand is Limited in Atlantic Salmon and Effectively Met by DHA Alone

Emery

Norambuena

Trushenski

et al. 2016

Lipids

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“…These results suggest that BT can be well accepted and utilized by olive flounder juveniles for their growth. Similar results were reported in previous studies conducted on other fish provided with BT as an alternative lipid source: for example, coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Yu & Sinnhuber, 1981), Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Emery, Smullen, Keast, & Turchini, 2016;Emery, Smullen, & Turchini, 2014;Hardy, Scott, & Harrell, 1987), and rainbow trout (Gause & Trushenski, 2013;Guderley, Kraffe, Bureau, & Bureau, 2008;Trushenski, Rosenquist, & Gause, 2011). In contrast to our results, the total or partial replacement of dietary FO with BT resulted in reduced growth performance of silvery-black porgy, Sparidentex hasta, which was attributed to a decrease in the apparent digestibility of nutrients because of the high level of SFAs in BT (Mozanzadeh et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of replacing dietary fish oil with beef tallow on growth performance, serological parameters, and fatty acid composition in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Lee

Aya

Won

et al. 2019

J World Aquaculture Soc

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This study evaluated the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with beef tallow (BT) in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (3.93 ± 0.07 g), over 8 weeks. Seven diets, consisting of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% replacement of FO with BT and 63 and 75.9% replacement supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at 0.9 and 1.1% of 100 g diet, respectively, were distributed into 21 tanks in a semi-recirculation system with 15 fish per tank. The replacement of FO with BT at the given levels showed no significant changes (p > .05) in growth performance and whole-body proximate composition. Fish fed the diet of 75.9% replacement with 1.1% DHA supplementation showed the best performance in these measurements among the treatments. Plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase, cholesterol, highand low-density lipoproteins, and total protein were not significantly influenced by the replacement of FO with BT. The FO replacement generally resulted in a reduction of eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA, and n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in the whole body, whereas the DHA supplementation Seunghyung Lee and Frolan A. Aya contributed equally to this work.

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“…However, in the present study, fillet proximate composition was highly comparable between treatments, suggesting that, under near optimal growing conditions (Handeland et al 2008;Kullgren et al 2013) an alteration in the dietary protein : lipid ratio within the limits tested in the current experiment has little effect on fillet composition. Consistent with extensive research, fatty acid composition of the fillet mirrored dietary fatty acid inclusion (Bell et al 2001a;Bell et al 2004;Emery et al 2014;Emery et al 2016;Turchini et al 2013a). Accordingly, high levels of MUFA, namely 18:1n-9, were present in the fillet tissue owing to the high dietary inclusion of poultry by-product oil.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

The impact of dietary protein: lipid ratio on growth performance, fatty acid metabolism, product quality and waste output in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

et al. 2019

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As part of the submission process, authors are required to provide 3 or 4 highlights, each one sentence long. Beyond stating key discoveries, these highlights must explicitly establish why the work is novel and why it has an application to aquaculture. It is not sufficient to state that the species is one that is farmed."  Lipid utilisation, including, fillet fatty acid composition and fatty acid metabolism, remained virtually unchanged despite an altered dietary protein : lipid ratio, this information is scarce for market-sized Atlantic salmon.  A reduction in protein : lipid ratio resulted in lower nitrogenous waste output emanating from undigested protein, a highly relevant finding given the enhanced scrutiny on farms to limit environmental degradation.  An assessment of the cost of dietary formulation and subsequent fish production clearly showed differences in growth parameters equate to considerable economic differences-an analysis of this kind is seldom provided in published literature.

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Viability of tallow inclusion in Atlantic salmon diet, as assessed by an on-farm grow out trial

Cited by 17 publications

References 69 publications

Uncoupling EPA and DHA in Fish Nutrition: Dietary Demand is Limited in Atlantic Salmon and Effectively Met by DHA Alone

Uncoupling EPA and DHA in Fish Nutrition: Dietary Demand is Limited in Atlantic Salmon and Effectively Met by DHA Alone

Effects of replacing dietary fish oil with beef tallow on growth performance, serological parameters, and fatty acid composition in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

The impact of dietary protein: lipid ratio on growth performance, fatty acid metabolism, product quality and waste output in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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