22 Phone: +44 (0)141 548 2122 23 24 2 25 Summary: The lateral habenula receives inhibitory input from three distinct sources: 26 from local PV-positive neurons, from PV-positive neurons in the medial dorsal thalamic 27 nucleus (MDT); and from SOM-positive neurons in the ventral pallidum (VP). 28 3 Abstract 29 The lateral habenula (LHb) is hyperactive in depression, and thus potentiating 30 inhibition of this structure makes an interesting target for future antidepressant 31 therapies. However, the circuit mechanisms mediating inhibitory signalling within the 32 LHb are not well-known. We addressed this issue by studying LHb neurons expressing 33 either parvalbumin (PV), neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (Ndnf) or somatostatin 34 (SOM), three markers of particular sub-classes of neocortical inhibitory neurons. While 35 we report that Ndnf is not representative of any particular sub-population of LHb 36 neuron, we find that both PV and SOM are expressed by physiologically distinct sub-37 classes. Furthermore, we describe multiple sources of inhibitory input to the LHb 38 arising from both local PV-positive neurons, and from PV-positive neurons in the 39 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, and from SOM-positive neurons in the ventral 40 pallidum. These findings hence provide new insight into inhibitory control within the 41 LHb, and highlight that this structure is more neuronally diverse than previously 42 thought. 43 44Significance statement 45 The circuitry by which inhibitory signalling is processed within the lateral habenula is 46 currently not well understood; yet this is an important topic as inhibition of the lateral 47 53We are grateful to Hongkui Zeng from the Allen Brain Institute, Seattle, for kindly 54 sharing the Ai9 reporter mice with us, and we thank Csaba Földy, Brain Research 55