Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanoides L.): A Hyper-Accumulator Crop for Bioremediation of Unconventional Water

Abstract

The increase of the global population and the requirement of food production and agricultural development, combined with a lack of water resources, have led to human attention being drawn to unconventional water sources, including saline water and wastewater. Most unconventional water treatment methods are not cost-effective; however, researchers have become interested in the phytoremediation method due to its cost-efficient and eco-friendly removal of many pollutants in recent years. Research showed that due to its unique characteristics, vetiver grass can be useful in phytoremediation. In the current review, research on vetiver-based phytoremediation of unconventional water, especially wastewater, was reviewed. The vetiver-reduced contaminants in wastewater can be related to the interactions between (1) the root-released oxygen into the rhizosphere; (2) the root-based uptake of nutrients from the wastewater; (3) the existence of an appropriate surface area for the attached microbial growth; as well as (4) the root-exuded organic carbon.

Effect of varying retention times and feeding schemes on the performance of vertical constructed wetlands planted with vetiver grass in treating dairy wastewater in the Philippines

“…Although there are many research studies done on the use of Vetiver grass in treating various wastewater, the review studies by (Akratos et al, 2018;Darajeh et al, 2019), and (Dorafshan et al, 2023) for VSSFCW used for treating DTRI-UPLB wastewater. This research focuses on the effect of using very low retention times and alternate days of feeding, which are not operating conditions found in past studies, where the feeding is continuous and the minimum retention time is 3 days (Darajeh et al, 2019;Dorafshan et al, 2023). The minimum suggested retention time for CW is 10 h based on the operation of a large-scale CW treating domestic wastewater (Jegatheesan et al, 2022).…”

“…The Vetiver grass is one type of vegetation with a wide range of phytoremediation applications (such as domestic, industrial, and freshwater) (Darajeh et al., 2019; Varma et al., 2021). The various removal mechanisms observed in CWs are substrate and root filtration of the suspended solids, aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation of the soluble organics, and plant uptake and denitrification of the nutrients, such as Phosphorous and Nitrogen (Akratos et al., 2018; Dorafshan et al., 2023; Slavov, 2017; UN‐HABITAT, 2008).…”

“…Although there are many research studies done on the use of Vetiver grass in treating various wastewater, the review studies by (Akratos et al., 2018; Darajeh et al., 2019), and (Dorafshan et al., 2023) showed a limited study on the use of Vetiver for dairy wastewater. With this, it is advantageous to study further the potential of CW planted with Vetiver grass (particularly Chrysopogon zizanioides ) in treating dairy wastewater.…”

“…More specifically, this study aims to (i) construct a lab‐scale vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCW) planted with Vetiver grass, operated with different retention times and feeding schemes, (ii) evaluate the performance of the lab‐scale VSSFCW subjected to 4 and 8 h retention times and daily and every‐other‐day feeding operations, (iii) investigate the relationship between the nutrient absorption and the age of Vetiver grass, and (iv) estimate the area requirement for VSSFCW used for treating DTRI‐UPLB wastewater. This research focuses on the effect of using very low retention times and alternate days of feeding, which are not operating conditions found in past studies, where the feeding is continuous and the minimum retention time is 3 days (Darajeh et al., 2019; Dorafshan et al., 2023). The minimum suggested retention time for CW is 10 h based on the operation of a large‐scale CW treating domestic wastewater (Jegatheesan et al., 2022).…”

“…Performance of Vetiver Grass used in the treatment of various wastewater types(Darajeh et al, 2019;Dorafshan et al, 2023).…”