Veterinary vaccine nanotechnology: pulmonary and nasal delivery in livestock animals

Abstract

Veterinary vaccine development has several similarities with human vaccine development to improve the overall health and well-being of species. However, veterinary goals lean more toward feasible large-scale administration methods and low cost to high benefit immunization. Since the respiratory mucosa is easily accessible and most infectious agents begin their infection cycle at the mucosa, immunization through the respiratory route has been a highly attractive vaccine delivery strategy against infectious diseases. Additionally, vaccines administered via the respiratory mucosa could lower costs by removing the need of trained medical personnel, and lowering doses yet achieving similar or increased immune stimulation. The respiratory route often brings challenges in antigen delivery efficiency with enough potency to induce immunity. Nanoparticle (NP) technology has been shown to enhance immune activation by producing higher antibody titers and protection. Although specific mechanisms between NPs and biological membranes are still under investigation, physical parameters such as particle size and shape, as well as biological tissue distribution including mucociliary clearance influence the protection and delivery of antigens to the site of action and uptake by target cells. For respiratory delivery, various biomaterials such as mucoadhesive polymers, lipids, and polysaccharides have shown enhanced antibody production or protection in comparison to antigen alone. This review presents promising NPs administered via the nasal or pulmonary routes for veterinary applications specifically focusing on livestock animals including poultry.

Fate of Biodegradable Engineered Nanoparticles Used in Veterinary Medicine as Delivery Systems from a One Health Perspective

“…Additionally, the protective rates of these nanoparticles against highly virulent NDV reached 100%, indicating a high potential for CS and HCS NPs to be used against Newcastle disease. The use of NP delivery systems can enhance vaccine effectiveness and ensure better delivery through platforms that are specifically tailored for each species [81].…”

“…It is expected that both research and translation of pulmonary vaccine delivery using NPs in livestock and poultry will rapidly expand [81]. Unfortunately, many of the mechanisms of vaccines based on pbENPs remain unclear, and the environmental health and safety profile of the delivery system are poorly understood.…”

Preliminary Volumetric Calculation of the Mucosal Surface in the Nares of Lambs Using a Segmentation of Computed Tomographic Images

“…Given that there is a need to reduce the usage of antimicrobials in food producing animals, there is also a need to develop vaccines that can reduce pathogen load as well as prime for a good immune response (mucosal as well as systemic). Although specific mechanisms between nanoparticles and biological membranes are still under investigation, physical parameters such as particle size and shape, as well as biological tissue distribution, including mucociliary clearance, influence the protection and delivery of antigens to the site of action and uptake by target cells (25). Several factors need to be considered for improved mucosal vaccine development, including the delivery systems for the right-place and right-time vaccine delivery, and we believe that an understanding of the volume and surface area that should be covered will help new nebulizers to be developed and nanoparticle size adjusted to optimize their distribution.…”

Nanoparticle Technology for Respiratory Tract Mucosal Vaccine Delivery

“…et al, 2017). Targeting of M-cells in the nasal mucosa, macrophages and dendritic cells in the lungs, and Peyer's patches in the gastro-intestinal tract have been studied extensively in the last 25 years (Calderon-Nieva D. et al, 2017;Jia Y. et al, 2015;Padilla-Carlin D.J. et al, 2008).…”