Veterinary Aspects

Rusbridge, Clare

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13706-8_14

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Traits that increase the risk of syringomyelia in CKCS include brachycephaly with rostral displacement of the atlas and axis, acute angulation between the sphenoid and basioccipital bone, reduced occipital crest and increased cervical flexure and odontoid (dens) angulation [ 14 – 17 ]. Chiari-like malformation is analogous to Chiari type 1 and 0 malformation in humans which is also associated with syringomyelia [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer simulation of syringomyelia in dogs

Cirovic

Lloyd

Jovanovik³

et al. 2018

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundSyringomyelia is a pathological condition in which fluid-filled cavities (syringes) form and expand in the spinal cord. Syringomyelia is often linked with obstruction of the craniocervical junction and a Chiari malformation, which is similar in both humans and animals. Some brachycephalic toy breed dogs such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) are particularly predisposed. The exact mechanism of the formation of syringomyelia is undetermined and consequently with the lack of clinical explanation, engineers and mathematicians have resorted to computer models to identify possible physical mechanisms that can lead to syringes. We developed a computer model of the spinal cavity of a CKCS suffering from a large syrinx. The model was excited at the cranial end to simulate the movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the spinal cord due to the shift of blood volume in the cranium related to the cardiac cycle. To simulate the normal condition, the movement was prescribed to the CSF. To simulate the pathological condition, the movement of CSF was blocked.ResultsFor normal conditions the pressure in the SAS was approximately 400 Pa and the same applied to all stress components in the spinal cord. The stress was uniformly distributed along the length of the spinal cord. When the blockage between the cranial and spinal CSF spaces forced the cord to move with the cardiac cycle, shear and axial normal stresses in the cord increased significantly. The sites where the elevated stress was most pronounced coincided with the axial locations where the syringes typically form, but they were at the perimeter rather than in the central portion of the cord. This elevated stress originated from the bending of the cord at the locations where its curvature was high.ConclusionsThe results suggest that it is possible that repetitive stressing of the spinal cord caused by its exaggerated movement could be a cause for the formation of initial syringes. Further consideration of factors such as cord tethering and the difference in mechanical properties of white and grey matter is needed to fully explore this possibility.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1410-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer simulation of syringomyelia in dogs

Cirovic

Lloyd

Jovanovik³

et al. 2018

BMC Vet Res

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“…Although CM and SM can be asymptomatic: both disorders can be associated with a spatio-temporal gait change [ 4 ] and many dogs are presented with signs of pain - for example reluctance to exercise, vocalisation on lifting or sudden posture change and rubbing or scratching (with contact) at the back of the head or ears. [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. SM can be associated with other neurological deficits including scoliosis, weakness and phantom scratching (without skin contact) [ 5 – 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MRI characteristics for “phantom” scratching in canine syringomyelia

Nalborczyk¹,

McFadyen²,

Jovanovik³

et al. 2017

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundA classic sign of canine syringomyelia (SM) is scratching towards one shoulder. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we investigate the spinal cord lesion relating to this phenomenon which has characteristics similar to fictive scratch secondary to spinal cord transection.Medical records were searched for Cavalier King Charles spaniels with a clinical and MRI diagnosis of symptomatic SM associated with Chiari-like malformation (CM). The cohort was divided into SM with phantom scratching (19 dogs) and SM but no phantom scratching (18 dogs). MRI files were anonymised, randomised and viewed in EFILM ™. For each transverse image, the maximum perpendicular dimensions of the syrinx in the dorsal spinal cord quadrants were determined. Visual assessment was made as to whether the syrinx extended to the superficial dorsal horn (SDH).ResultsWe showed that phantom scratching appears associated with a large dorsolateral syrinx that extends to the SDH in the C3-C6 spinal cord segments (corresponding to C2-C5 vertebrae). Estimated dorsal quadrant syrinx sizes based on the perpendicular diameters were between 2.5 and 9.5 times larger in dogs with phantom scratching, with the largest mean difference p-value being 0.009.ConclusionSM associated phantom scratching appears associated with MRI findings of a large syrinx extending into the mid cervical SDH. We hypothesise that damage in this region might influence the lumbosacral scratching central pattern generator (CPG). If a scratching SM affected dog does not have a large dorsolateral cervical syrinx with SDH involvement then alternative explanations for scratching should be investigated.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1258-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Facial changes related to brachycephaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari‐like malformation associated pain and secondary syringomyelia

Knowler¹,

Dumas²,

Spiteri

et al. 2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Recent studies including an innovative machine learning technique indicated Chiari-like malformation (CM) is influenced by brachycephalic features. Objectives: Morphometric analysis of facial anatomy and dysmorphia in CMassociated pain (CM-P) and syringomyelia (SM) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS). Animals: Sixty-six client-owned CKCS. Methods: Retrospective study of anonymized T2W sagittal magnetic resonance imaging of 3 clinical groups: (1) 11 without central canal dilation (ccd) or SM (CM-N), (2) 15 with CM-P with no SM or <2 mm ccd (CM-P), and (3) 40 with syrinx width ≥4 mm (SM-S). Morphometric analysis assessed rostral skull flattening and position of the hard and soft palate relative to the cranial base in each clinical group and compared CKCS with and without SM-S.Results: Sixteen of 28 measured variables were associated to SM-S compared to CM-N and CM-P. Of these 6 were common to both groups. Predictive variables determined by discriminant analysis were (1) the ratio of cranial height with cranial length (P < .001 between SM-S and CM-N) and (2) the distance between the cerebrum and the frontal bone (P < .001 between SM-S and CM-P). CM-P had the lowest mean height of the maxillary area. Conclusions and ClinicalImportance: CKCS with CM-P and SM-S have cranial brachycephaly with osseous insufficiency in the skull with rostral flattening and increased proximity of the hard and soft palate to the cranial base. Changes are greatest with CM-P. These findings have relevance for understanding disease pathogenesis and for selection of head conformation for breeding purposes. dogs without central canal dilation or syringomyelia with no clinical or behavioural signs of pain; CM-P, dogs with clinical and behavioral signs of pain with no syringomyelia or with a central canal dilation less than 2 mm wide; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DA, discriminant function analysis; DICOM, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine; FS, feature selection; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; ML, machine learning; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SM, syringomyelia; SM-S, dogs with syrinx width ≥4 mm and with SM specific signs of phantom scratching, scoliosis, paresis or proprioceptive deficits.

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Veterinary Aspects

Cited by 3 publications

References 86 publications

Computer simulation of syringomyelia in dogs

Computer simulation of syringomyelia in dogs

MRI characteristics for “phantom” scratching in canine syringomyelia

Facial changes related to brachycephaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari‐like malformation associated pain and secondary syringomyelia

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