“…The locus coeruleus, the raphe nuclei and the ventrolateral medulla have been proposed as contributors to panic etiology (Bellodi and Perna, 1998); these regions are interconnected with the vestibular nuclei and related pathways (Balaban, 1996;Balaban and Thayer, 2001). The vestibular pathways are likely to contribute to maintaining circulatory homeostasis during movement and postural changes, as well as affecting control of both 'pump' and upper airway muscles involved in respiration (reviewed by Balaban and Yates, 2004). Indeed, the associations of hyperventilation, dizziness and vertigo are well-known in the literature (e.g., Furman and Jacob, 2001;Sakellari andBronstein, 1997, Sakelleri et al, 1997;Theunissen et al, 1986).…”