Vestibulo‐Sympathetic Responses

Yates, Bill J.; Bolton, Philip S.; Macefield, Vaughan G.

doi:10.1002/cphy.c130041

Cited by 141 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 313 publications

(490 reference statements)

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“…This information is conducted centrally to control eye position, balance, blood pressure and heart rate (Uchino and Kushiro, 2011; Yates et al, 2014). Hair cell function is dependent upon the development of a polarized structure called the stereociliary bundle, the orientation of which is tightly coordinated between neighboring cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Celsr1 coordinates the planar polarity of vestibular hair cells during inner ear development

Duncan

Stoller

Francl

et al. 2017

Developmental Biology

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Vestibular hair cells of the inner ear are specialized receptors that detect mechanical stimuli from gravity and motion via the deflection of a polarized bundle of stereocilia located on their apical cell surfaces. The orientation of stereociliary bundles is coordinated between neighboring cells by core PCP proteins including the large adhesive G-protein coupled receptor Celsr1. We show that mice lacking Celsr1 have vestibular behavioral phenotypes including circling. In addition, we show that Celsr1 is asymmetrically distributed at cell boundaries between hair cells and neighboring supporting cells in the developing vestibular and auditory sensory epithelia. In the absence of Celsr1 the stereociliary bundles of vestibular hair cells are misoriented relative to their neighbors, a phenotype that is greatest in the cristae of the semicircular canals. Since horizontal semi-circular canal defects lead to circling in other mutant mouse lines, we propose that this PCP phenotype is the cellular basis of the circling behavior in Celsr1 mutants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Celsr1 coordinates the planar polarity of vestibular hair cells during inner ear development

Duncan

Stoller

Francl

et al. 2017

Developmental Biology

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“…As discussed in detail in a recent review (32), considerable evidence from experiments in both human and animal subjects has shown that the vestibular system participates in regulating sympathetic nervous system activity, to provide for adjustments in blood pressure during movement.…”

Section: Organization Of Vestibulospinal and Vestibulosympathetic Patmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurons in the RVLM that control sympathetic nervous system activity receive vestibular inputs through a variety of pathways (32), as illustrated in Figure 1. Since many of the relays from the vestibular nuclei to the RVLM are polysynaptic, it is difficult to identify “vestibulosympathetic neurons” during neurophysiologic experiments.…”

Section: Inputs To Vestibulospinal and Vestibulosympathetic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large rotations are required to generate vestibulosympathetic responses in conscious animals, presumably because small-amplitude tilts (<40%) do not produce peripheral blood pooling that necessitates an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity (249, 250). It has been suggested that higher brain areas adjust the responsiveness of neurons in the vestibulosympathetic reflex pathway to vestibular inputs, so that the gain of the vestibulosympathetic reflex is appropriate for the ensuing movement or postural change (32). Recordings from conscious animals also provided evidence that following a bilateral labyrinthectomy, the gain of the baroreceptor reflex is adjusted by descending signals from supratentorial brain regions (251).…”

Section: Transformation Of Vestibular Reflexes By Descending Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Descending Influences on Vestibulospinal and Vestibulosympathetic Reflexes

2017

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This review considers the integration of vestibular and other signals by the central nervous system pathways that participate in balance control and blood pressure regulation, with an emphasis on how this integration may modify posture-related responses in accordance with behavioral context. Two pathways convey vestibular signals to limb motoneurons: the lateral vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal projections. Both pathways receive direct inputs from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, and also integrate vestibular, spinal, and other inputs. Decerebration in animals or strokes that interrupt corticobulbar projections in humans alter the gain of vestibulospinal reflexes and the responses of vestibular nucleus neurons to particular stimuli. This evidence shows that supratentorial regions modify the activity of the vestibular system, but the functional importance of descending influences on vestibulospinal reflexes acting on the limbs is currently unknown. It is often overlooked that the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal systems mainly terminate on spinal interneurons, and not directly on motoneurons, yet little is known about the transformation of vestibular signals that occurs in the spinal cord. Unexpected changes in body position that elicit vestibulospinal reflexes can also produce vestibulosympathetic responses that serve to maintain stable blood pressure. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes are mediated, at least in part, through a specialized group of reticulospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla that project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. However, other pathways may also contribute to these responses, including those that dually participate in motor control and regulation of sympathetic nervous system activity. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes differ in conscious and decerebrate animals, indicating that supratentorial regions alter these responses. However, as with vestibular reflexes acting on the limbs, little is known about the physiological significance of descending control of vestibulosympathetic pathways.

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“…The latter projections inform central pre-sympathetic autonomic nervous system neurons influencing blood pressure, respiration and gastrointestinal activity about changes in posture and body position with regard to gravity. Collectively, these functional pathways are referred to as the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex (VSR) (Yates et al 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide in vestibulo-sympathetic pathway neurons

Friedrich

Martinelli

2016

Exp Brain Res

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Imidazole-4-acetic acid-ribotide (IAARP) is a putative neurotransmitter/modulator and an endogenous regulator of sympathetic drive, notably systemic blood pressure, through binding to imidazoline receptors. IAARP is present in neurons and processes throughout the CNS, but is particularly prevalent in regions that are involved in blood pressure control. The goal of this study was to determine whether IAARP is present in neurons in the caudal vestibular nuclei that participate in the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex (VSR) pathway. This pathway is important in modulating blood pressure upon changes in head position with regard to gravity, as occurs when humans rise from a supine position and when quadrupeds climb or rear. Sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation was used to activate the VSR and cfos gene expression in VSR pathway neurons of rats. These subjects had previously received a unilateral FluoroGold tracer injection in the rostral or caudal ventrolateral medullary region, which was transported retrogradely and filled vestibular neuronal somata with direct projections to the injected region. Brainstem sections through the caudal vestibular nuclei were immunostained to visualize FluoroGold, cFos protein, IAARP and glutamate immunofluorescence. The results demonstrate that IAARP is present in vestibular neurons of the VSR pathway, where it often co-localizes with intense glutamate immunofluorescence. The co-localization of IAARP- and intense glutamate-immunofluorescence in VSR neurons may represent an efficient chemoanatomical configuration, allowing the vestibular system to rapidly up- and down-modulate the activity of presympathetic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, thereby altering blood pressure.

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Vestibulo‐Sympathetic Responses

Cited by 141 publications

References 313 publications

Celsr1 coordinates the planar polarity of vestibular hair cells during inner ear development

Celsr1 coordinates the planar polarity of vestibular hair cells during inner ear development

Descending Influences on Vestibulospinal and Vestibulosympathetic Reflexes

Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide in vestibulo-sympathetic pathway neurons

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