Vestibular, vaginal and urethral relationships in spayed and intact normal dogs

Wang, Kelly Y.; Samii, Valerie F.; Chew, Dennis J.; McLoughlin, Mary A.; DiBartola, Stephen P.; Masty, J.; Lehman, Amy

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.10.027

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It was considered short when the length was inferior to 7 cm. We chose this length based on previous studies that measured mean normal urethral length of 8 cm . Anatomic anomalies were noted and corrected during the same procedure (eg, ectopic ureters, vestibulovaginal septal remnant, urethral septum) using a Holmium:YAG or diode laser.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transurethral cystoscopy in dogs with recurrent urinary tract infections: Retrospective study (2011‐2018)

Llido

Vachon

Dickinson

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in female dogs and recurrent infections often require investigation by transurethral cystoscopy. Hypothesis/Objectives Describe the findings of transurethral cystoscopy in dogs presented for recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI). Animals Fifty‐three client‐owned dogs with RUTI were included in the study. Methods Retrospective study. Data collected from medical records included signalment, clinical findings, bladder wall culture, cystoscopic, and histopathologic findings. UTI was defined as: presence of compatible clinical signs and at least 2 out of 3 of the following criteria: (1) pyuria, (2) positive urine culture, (3) resolution of clinical signs with antibiotic treatment. Recurrence of UTI was defined as at least 2 episodes of UTI within 6 months or at least 3 or more in 1 year. Results The mean age at presentation was 3.8 years with a majority of female dogs (48/53), 40/48 of which were spayed. Main breeds were Labrador (10/53), Australian Shepherd (4/53), and Miniature Schnauzer (3/53). A hooded vulva was noted in 33/48 of females. Transurethral cystoscopy showed anomalies in 45/53 of cases: mucosal edema (19/53), vestibulovaginal septal remnant (15/48), lymphoid follicles (8/53), short urethra (6/53), and ectopic ureter (5/53). Urine culture at the time of cystoscopy was positive in 13/49. Bladder wall edema and ulceration were the most common findings on histopathology (25/39). Conclusion and Clinical Importance RUTI occurred more frequently in spayed female dogs. Transurethral cystoscopy is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of anomalies in dogs with RUTIs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transurethral cystoscopy in dogs with recurrent urinary tract infections: Retrospective study (2011‐2018)

Llido

Vachon

Dickinson

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Urogenital Tract Measurements. Measurements collected for conventional vaginourethrography (Fig 1), CT vaginourethrography, 7 and uroendoscopy 7 are listed in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Height and width measurements of the urethra were measured 5 mm caudal to the vesicourethral junction to avoid the possibility of measuring the neck of the bladder rather than the urethra.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data collected from group 2 dogs were also used for another study comparing anatomical differences between normal spayed and intact dogs. 7 …”

Section: Criteria For Selection Of Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 This finding suggests that new reference ranges need to be established separately for normal dogs, depending on their reproductive status. 7 It is unclear whether or not vestibulovaginal stenosis is an incidental finding or a contributory factor in dogs with signs of lower urinary tract or reproductive disease. 4 Previous studies did not compare affected dogs with those without lower urinary tract or reproductive disease.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 A recent study also found significant differences in the measurement of the lower urogenital tracts between normal intact and spayed dogs. 7 This finding suggests that new reference ranges need to be established separately for normal dogs, depending on their reproductive status. 7 It is unclear whether or not vestibulovaginal stenosis is an incidental finding or a contributory factor in dogs with signs of lower urinary tract or reproductive disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Vestibular, Vaginal, and Urethral Relations in Spayed Dogs with and without Lower Urinary Tract Signs

Wang

Samii

Chew

et al. 2006

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the urogenital anatomy in female spayed dogs with and without signs of lower urinary tract disease by using conventional vaginourethrography, computed tomography (CT) vaginourethrography, and uroendoscopy. Nineteen dogs with lower urinary tract disease and 12 normal dogs were evaluated prospectively. Measurements made included vaginal length, vaginal height, vaginal width, vestibule length, vestibule height, vestibule width, vestibulovaginal ratios, cingulum height, cingulum width, cingulum area, urethral length, urethral height, urethral width, angle of urethra to vestibule, and angle of vaginal to vestibule. Group comparisons were made between dogs with and without lower urinary tract disease. Comparisons between conventional vaginourethrography and CT vaginourethrography were made when the same anatomical measurement was made by the 2 imaging modalities. There was no significant difference in all of the measurements (P . .01), including vestibulovaginal ratios and cingulum areas, between dogs with and without lower urinary tract disease. There was a larger proportion of dogs with a vestibulovaginal ratio ,0.33 in normal dogs (8 of 12) compared with the clinical dogs (8 of 16). A significant difference between vestibulovaginal ratios or cingulum areas between dogs with and without lower urinary tract disease could not be identified. This suggests that a vestibulovaginal ratio of ,0.33 may only be an incidental finding and the term ''vestibulovaginal stenosis'' may need to be redefined.

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