Vertically‐Oriented and Shape‐Tailored Electrocatalytic Metal Nanowire Arrays for Enzyme‐Free Galactosemia Rapid Diagnosis

Abstract

Metallic catalytic nanowires such as nickel and copper nanowires (NWs) for electrochemical detection of carbohydrates involved in metabolic rare diseases are proposed. NWs were electrodeposited using a polycarbonate membrane template, which was cut with the desired shape, stuck in double-sided adhesive tape, pasted into a non-conductive substrate and in situ removed. This simple and versatile approach allowed to obtain NWs vertically oriented (v-NWs), which are contained in the double-sided adhesive tape, becoming highly versatile. The high specific surface of working electrode in which the transduction is supported exclusively by the nanomaterial yielded a high analytical performance [extremely low fouling for galactose (RSD<2 %; n=25)]. Likewise, v-NWs exhibited a superior analytical performance with respect to commercial sputtered thick-film electrodes showing also a clear advantage related with the price, as well as with non-need clean room facilities. The analytical potency of the new approach was clearly demonstrated towards the fast and reliable diagnosis of galactosemia using precious newborn urine samples compared to standard clinical diagnosis. These results revealed new opportunities for future enzyme-free diagnosis and development of future point-of-care applications.

Applications, Surface Modification and Functionalization of Nickel Nanorods

“…The same measurement method was also applied for the sensing of inulin in buffer solutions [ 117 ]. Recently, this measurement method was further developed into a miniaturized flow injection analysis system to detect galactose in urine of newborns for the diagnosis of galactosemia, a genetic disorder impairing galactose metabolization [ 118 ]. Nickel nanorods coated by electroless deposition with a gold layer freestanding on a substrate were used as electrode for the detection of glucose [ 119 ].…”

3D-Printed Graphene/Polylactic Acid Electrodes Promise High Sensitivity in Electroanalysis

“…With the advent of 3D printing, the development of sensing systems has been expanding at an increasing rate with the fabrication of functional interfaces and devices at reduced prices and with great versatility. , Despite there being other cutting-edge technologies also complying with these features, − 3D printing is becoming of increasing interest for the electrochemistry community. More specifically, the field of electroanalysisparticularly electrical/electrochemical sensors and point-of-care devicescan benefit from this technology by customizing electrode design ,,,,,− or simply by creating the “housing” of the electrodes in a way that improves sample handling and enables automation, i.e.…”

Classification and applications of nanomaterials in vitro diagnosis

“…Over the past two decades, several metallic, compound semiconducting, and dielectric materials have been developed for NWs. NWs, with their large specific surface area and excellent electrochemical characteristics, can be utilized as carriers for biosensors that detect biomarkers and disease-related chemicals [ 66 ]. Furthermore, researchers have employed functionalized NWs to creat very sensitive biosensors capable of rapidly detecting tumor markers and disease-related molecules such as viruses, thereby providing a new technique of clinical diagnosis [ 67 , 68 ].…”