Vertical Structure in Atmospheric Fog and Haze and Its Effects on Visible and Infrared Extinction

Effect of Negative Air Ions on Fog and Smoke

“…Hence it is needed to have detailed information about the optical nature of fog particulate system (water droplet + fog condensation nuclei), leading to poor visibility. Atmospheric fog is typically composed of sub-micron size inactivated particles associated with activated droplets of size range up to ten microns (Pinnick et al, 1978;Hudson, 1980;Gerber, 1981;Frank et al, 1998). The study of understanding of the formation of fog and its effect on visibility is carried out by several authors in past (Bott, 1991;Yuskiewicz, 1998;Baumer, 2008).…”

Atmospheric Laser Communication

“…In particular, the optical properties of different cloud types are not well documented. However, attenuation has been observed to increase with height within a cloud (Pinnick et al 1978;Hobbs and Deepak 1981). Also, the vertical thickness of clouds is not regularly measured and must be estimated.…”

Propagation of Visible and Infrared Radiation in Fog, Rain, and Snow

“…As shown in Figure 12, the efficiency factor at a wavelength of 10.6 micrometers may be approximated as a straight line out to a size parameter of 8.0 corresponding to a fog droplet with a radius of 12.7 micrometers. Fog drop size distributions are dominated by particles of radius less than 7 micrometers (Pinnick, et al, 1979;Carradini and Tonna, 1981;Roach, et al, 1976;Pinnick, et al, 1978). Using the relation a E(X,r,m(X)) = QE(Xr,m(X)) r2 = C(X)r3 Computations were made for spherical water drops using Mie theory.…”