capacitance changes. As a result, bacterial activities, such as growth and death, can be monitored in real-time by measuring the capacitance change, allowing more rapid AST 23,24. For AST of clinical samples, it is necessary to simultaneously test various antimicrobial agents at different concentrations; therefore, we fabricated sensor arrays consisting of 60 sensors. Among the 60 sensors, two and three sensors were used for negative and positive controls, respectively, and the other 55 sensors were used to measure the antibiotic susceptibility to 11 antibiotics at five different concentrations (see Supplementary Table S1). To evaluate the performance of the eAST system, 30 clinical strains, most of which are frequently found in sepsis, were tested (Table 1). The categorical agreement between the eAST system and gold standard broth microdilution (BMD) test was estimated to be 97%, meeting the requirements of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Materials and methods fabrication of eAST chip. The eAST chip, consisting of 60 sensors, was fabricated on a glass substrate (Fig. 1). Each sensor had interdigitated Au electrodes with a width of 20 µm and spacing of 20 µm, which were patterned by conventional photolithography and lift-off techniques. For bacterial culture, a 300 μl-acrylic well (Nobel Biosciences Inc., Hwaseong-Si, South Korea) was attached to the array sensor using 3 M VHBTM tape. Next, the bacteria-aptamers were immobilized on the sensor surface.