Vertical and Orovestibular Forces Generated by Beta-Titanium and Stainless-Steel Rectangular Wires in Labial and Fully Customized Lingual Bracket Systems

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the force values exerted from rectangular wires when combined with conventional labial and fully customized lingual appliances under predefined, idealized activation. Fully customized lingual brackets of two brands Incognito™ (3M Unitek, Monrovia, MN, USA) and WIN (DW Lingual Systems, Bad Essen, Germany) and labial brackets of another brand, discovery® MIM and discovery® smart systems (Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany), were chosen. Stainless-steel and beta-titanium wires of 0.018” × 0.025” were examined. For IncognitoTM, 0.0182” × 0.025” beta-titanium wires were tested. Intrusion/extrusion and orovestibular movements were performed in a range of 0.2 mm, and the forces were recorded for each 0.1 mm of the movement. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for all measurements, and ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis. Slight differences were observed between the forces generated from beta-titanium and stainless-steel wires. The same wire generated in some cases 5–53% higher forces with the lingual appliance due to the vertical orientation of the long walls during intrusion/extrusion and increased wire stiffness at the anterior region. Beta-titanium and stainless-steel 0.018” × 0.025” wires can generate similar force values during the final stages of the orthodontic therapy; thus, possibly only one of the two alloys could be used in each orthodontic wire sequence.

Load Deflection Characteristics of Orthodontic Gummetal® Wires in Comparison with Nickel–Titanium Wires: An In Vitro Study

“…These parameters are influenced by the archwire geometry, dimensions, and mechanical properties. In the past, the use of SS wires for the leveling of malpositioned teeth often resulted in the overloading of the periodontal ligament, leading to adverse effects such as apical root resorption [5,6].…”

A Comparison of the Ligation Torque Expression of a Ribbonwise Bracket–Archwire Combination and a Conventional Combination: A Primary Study

“…Similar ribbonwise brackets have been incorporated into lingual brackets [14]. A previous study aimed at a specific clinical case indicates that lingual brackets with a wider occlusalapical slot generate higher torques than conventional brackets with a wider lingual-labial slot [15]. However, the general behavior of ribbonwise brackets has not been experimentally studied.…”