Vertebrates and the Permo-Triassic extinction

Pitrat, Charles W.

doi:10.1016/0031-0182(73)90011-4

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Despite limitations discussed above, our data clearly demonstrate a major non-marine vertebrate extinction event across the Permo-Triassic boundary, as evidenced by a precipitous drop in rarefied total generic richness and evenness (figure 2). This contrasts with previous conclusions [33–35], but agrees with two recent studies [5,36]. These data also provide clear evidence for a long and delayed recovery.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Sample-standardized richness and evenness do not recover, if at all, until the Middle Triassic (figure 2). These results differ strongly from recent conclusions of studies looking at first and last appearances of individual taxa [30–32], and older richness studies [33–35]. Within the available temporal scope of our analysis, it is clear that relative abundance of various clades was permanently changed after the end-Permian extinction (figure 3 b ), in agreement with analyses of ecological guilds [5].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

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Delayed recovery of non-marine tetrapods after the end-Permian mass extinction tracks global carbon cycle

Irmis

Whiteside

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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During the end-Permian mass extinction, marine ecosystems suffered a major drop in diversity, which was maintained throughout the Early Triassic until delayed recovery during the Middle Triassic. This depressed diversity in the Early Triassic correlates with multiple major perturbations to the global carbon cycle, interpreted as either intrinsic ecosystem or external palaeoenvironmental effects. In contrast, the terrestrial record of extinction and recovery is less clear; the effects and magnitude of the end-Permian extinction on non-marine vertebrates are particularly controversial. We use specimen-level data from southern Africa and Russia to investigate the palaeodiversity dynamics of non-marine tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic boundary by analysing sample-standardized generic richness, evenness and relative abundance. In addition, we investigate the potential effects of sampling, geological and taxonomic biases on these data. Our analyses demonstrate that non-marine tetrapods were severely affected by the end-Permian mass extinction, and that these assemblages did not begin to recover until the Middle Triassic. These data are congruent with those from land plants and marine invertebrates. Furthermore, they are consistent with the idea that unstable low-diversity post-extinction ecosystems were subject to boom–bust cycles, reflected in multiple Early Triassic perturbations of the carbon cycle.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Delayed recovery of non-marine tetrapods after the end-Permian mass extinction tracks global carbon cycle

Irmis

Whiteside

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Taxonomic diversity has been extensively studied for many clades. Early studies on the global taxonomic diversity of tetrapods in general and across the PTB were undertaken by Pitrat [16], Bakker [17], Olson [18], [19], Padian and Clemens [20], Benton[e.g. 21], [22], [23], King [7], and Maxwell [8], which in part resulted in substantially divergent conclusions about the impact of the end-Permian extinction on terrestrial ecosystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Taxonomic Diversity of Anomodonts (Tetrapoda, Therapsida) and the Terrestrial Rock Record Across the Permian-Triassic Boundary

Fröbisch

2008

PLoS ONE

101

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The end-Permian biotic crisis (∼252.5 Ma) represents the most severe extinction event in Earth's history. This paper investigates diversity patterns in Anomodontia, an extinct group of therapsid synapsids (‘mammal-like reptiles’), through time and in particular across this event. As herbivores and the dominant terrestrial tetrapods of their time, anomodonts play a central role in assessing the impact of the end-Permian extinction on terrestrial ecosystems. Taxonomic diversity analysis reveals that anomodonts experienced three distinct phases of diversification interrupted by the same number of extinctions, i.e. an end-Guadalupian, an end-Permian, and a mid-Triassic extinction. A positive correlation between the number of taxa and the number of formations per time interval shows that anomodont diversity is biased by the Permian-Triassic terrestrial rock record. Normalized diversity curves indicate that anomodont richness continuously declines from the Middle Permian to the Late Triassic, but also reveals all three extinction events. Taxonomic rates (origination and extinction) indicate that the end-Guadalupian and end-Permian extinctions were driven by increased rates of extinction as well as low origination rates. However, this pattern is not evident at the final decline of anomodont diversity during the Middle Triassic. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the Middle Triassic extinction represents a gradual or abrupt event that is unique to anomodonts or more common among terrestrial tetrapods. The end-Permian extinction represents the most distinct event in terms of decline in anomodont richness and turnover rates.

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“…Numerous papers have used tetrapods for case studies of the impact of the end‐Permian mass extinction on land (in particular, see papers by Pitrat 1973; Benton 1987; Olson 1989; Milner 1990; Maxwell 1992; Modesto et al . 2001, 2003; Benton et al .…”

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confidence: 99%

Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end‐Permian mass extinction

Ruta¹,

Cisneros²,

Liebrecht

et al. 2011

Palaeontology

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The Parareptilia are a small but ecologically and morphologically diverse clade of Permian and Triassic crown amniotes generally considered to be phylogenetically more proximal to eureptiles (diapsids and their kin) than to synapsids (mammals and their kin). A recent supertree provides impetus for an analysis of parareptile diversity through time and for examining the influence of the endPermian mass extinction on the clade's origination and extinction rates. Phylogeny-corrected measures of diversity have a significant impact on both rates and the distribution of origination and extinction intensities. Time calibration generally results in a closer correspondence between origination and extinction rate values than in the case of no time correction. Near the end-Permian event, extinction levels are not significantly higher than origination levels, particularly when time calibration is introduced. Finally, regardless of time calibration and ⁄ or phylogenetic correction, the distribution of rates does not differ significantly from unimodal. The curves of rate values are discussed in the light of the numbers and distributions of both range extensions and ghost lineages. The disjoint time distributions of major parareptile clades (e.g. procolophonoids and nycteroleterids-pareiasaurs) are mostly responsible for the occurrence of long-range extensions throughout the Permian. Available data are not consistent with a model of sudden decline at the end-Permian but rather suggest a rapid alternation of originations and extinctions in a number of parareptile groups, both before and after the Permian ⁄ Triassic boundary.Key words: diversity, extinctions, originations, Parareptilia, Permian, Triassic, turnover.Mass extinctions provide the most dramatic example of large-scale biological crises on record. The modalities of decline, disappearance and ⁄ or recovery of different clades inform our understanding of the tempo and mode of ecosystem collapse and recovery and allow us to explore the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping clade diversification. Therefore, the study of mass extinctions is of great interest to palaeontologists, evolutionary biologists, and macroecologists (e.g. Benton 2003; Erwin 2006; Purvis 2008). However, the specific responses of individual groups to extinctions remain inadequately documented, particularly in the terrestrial domain. It is clear that some clades of plants and animals were minimally affected by these events, whilst others were hit to varying degrees. One of the challenges in the analysis of largescale extinctions is to integrate patterns that emerge for specific groups to understand how they contribute to broader local and global trends.Numerous papers have used tetrapods for case studies of the impact of the end-Permian mass extinction on land (in particular, see papers by Pitrat 1973; Benton 1987; Olson 1989; Milner 1990; Maxwell 1992; Modesto et al. 2001 Modesto et al. , 2003 Benton et al. 2004; Ward et al. 2005; Botha and Smith 2006; Retallack et al. 2006; ...

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Vertebrates and the Permo-Triassic extinction

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Delayed recovery of non-marine tetrapods after the end-Permian mass extinction tracks global carbon cycle

Delayed recovery of non-marine tetrapods after the end-Permian mass extinction tracks global carbon cycle

Global Taxonomic Diversity of Anomodonts (Tetrapoda, Therapsida) and the Terrestrial Rock Record Across the Permian-Triassic Boundary

Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end‐Permian mass extinction

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