Vertebrate trackways among a stand ofSupaiaWhite plants on an early Permian floodplain, New Mexico

Abstract

ABSTRACT-Little is known about the habit and spatial distribution of Early Permian tropical vegetation, a sharp contrast with the Pennsylvanian from which many in-situ ''T 0 '' assemblages are known. Even less is known about the potential interaction of plants and vertebrates. Here we report the discovery of a small stand of 34 probable Supaia White plants from the Abo Formation of New Mexico. The plants were growing on a mudflat, subject to periodic flooding and exposure. The same mudflat hosts trackways of vertebrates that appear to have walked around or between the Supaia plants. The stems are preserved as molds, and vary from 20 mm to 70 mm in diameter, averaging 42.4 mm, indicating heights of approximately 2.5-4 m. The plants, which may be described as small trees given their estimated height, are as close as 110 mm to their nearest neighbor and average nearly 300 mm apart. A series of lines or filled fissures, which we interpret as roots, radiates from the base of each stem. Leaves of Supaia thinfeldioides White are the only foliage found in association with these stems, on bedding planes above and at the base of the lowest expression of the stem molds. Associated vertebrate trackways either congregate around some of the stems or wend their way between the stems and include those of a single large temnospondyl amphibian (Limnopus Marsh) and many of small predatory parareptiles (Dromopus Marsh). This study demonstrates that S. thinfeldiodes were small-statured, weedy, opportunistic plants. It also shows that contemporaneous vertebrates prowled such environments, presumably either for food, shelter, or both given detectable pace and path.

Early Permian (Asselian) vegetation from a seasonally dry coast in western equatorial Pangea: Paleoecology and evolutionary significance

“…These floras are known from coastal plain, siliciclastic red-bed deposits, which crop out widely from the northern to the southernmost parts of New Mexico, through the central part of the state (Lucas et al, 2013), including in the RobledoMountains (Mack et al, 2010;Voigt et al, 2013). They are dominated by walchian conifers, with local occurrences of the peltasperm Supaia thinnfeldioides (DiMichele et al, 2007(DiMichele et al, , 2012, rare callipterid peltasperms and isolated occurrences of other taxa more common in assemblages from other Permian equatorial regions (Kerp and Fichter, 1985;Galtier and Broutin, 2008;Opluštil et al, 2013;Tabor et al, 2013).…”

Reassessment of vertebrate ichnotaxa from the Upper Carboniferous ‘Fern Ledges’, Lancaster Formation, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada

“…Batrachichnus is considered to extend from 2.38 mm (Stimson et al 2012) to 20 mm (Lucas et al 2011;Voigt 2005;Melchor and Sarjeant 2004) in pes length. Limnopus is considered to be morphologically similar but to occupy all size ranges above 20 mm in pes length up to 140 mm (DiMichele et al 2012). With a pes length of 25 mm, Limnopus variabilis can thus be considered within the size range of Limnopus.…”