Versatile Synthetic Platform for 1,2,3-Triazole Chemistry

Abstract

1,2,3-Triazole scaffolds are not obtained in nature, but they are still intensely investigated by synthetic chemists in various fields due to their excellent properties and green synthetic routes. This review will provide a library of all synthetic routes used in the past 21 years to synthesize 1,2,3-triazoles and their derivatives using various metal catalysts (such as Cu, Ni, Ru, Ir, Rh, Pd, Au, Ag, Zn, and Sm), organocatalysts, metal-free as well as solvent- and catalyst-free neat syntheses, along with their mechanistic cycles, recyclability studies, solvent systems, and reaction condition effects on regioselectivity. Constant developments indicate that 1,2,3-triazoles will help lead to future organic synthesis and are useful for creating molecular libraries of various functionalized 1,2,3-triazoles.

Synthesis of Pyrazoline‐Embedded 1,2,3‐Triazole Derivatives via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with in vitro and in silico Studies

“…[25] Synthetic routes for the synthesis of 1,2,3 triazole hybrids by the click chemistry method have been reported. [26][27][28][29] But, few reports of pyrazoline bearing 1,2,3 triazole derivatives showing α-glycosidase and α-amylase activity are found in literature. [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Inspired by this, we have synthesized pyrazoline bearing 1,2,3-triazole and they were subjected for α-glycosidase and α-amylase inhibitory and antioxidant activity.…”

Synthesis and Biodegradability of Tartaric Acid-Based Poly(ester-thioether)s via Thiol–Ene Click Polymerization

“…The higher T g values indicated more restricted molecular motion of poly(L-BTA-alt-DTT)s as compared with poly(L-BTA-alt-EBTG)s, which might be the reason for the lower M n values. The specific rotation ([α] D 25 ) of the poly(ester-thoether)s consisting of tartaric acids was also measured in THF using a polarimeter (Table 1). The poly(ester-thioether)s containing L-BTA (runs 2, 5, 8) and D-BTA (runs 3, 6, 11) showed positive and negative signs, respectively, with the same absolute values, indicating that no racemization occurred during the step polymerization.…”

“…The copper-catalyzed “click” reaction , performs a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and alkynes effectively, even at ambient temperatures, and the orthogonality is extremely high. Since its inception, optimized reaction conditions and applications to biomedical substances have been reported for “click” chemistry; however, its application in the academic field of polymer chemistry is still relatively limited. − We have already reported several examples using copper-catalyzed alkyne–azide and thiol–ene click polymerizations to afford polyesters consisting of a triazole ring, , thioether, and ether–sulfone moieties, respectively. As far as we know, however, there have been few reports of biodegradable polymers synthesized by click polymerization, although click polymerizations of biomass-based monomers are already reported. − In 2021, we also used thiol–ene click polymerization to synthesize l -malic acid-based poly­(ester-thiether)­s, which had a biodegradability (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/theoretical oxygen demand (TOD)) of 13–23% .…”

An efficient, catalyst-free and aqueous ethanol-mediated synthesis of 5-((2-aminothiazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-6-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione derivatives and their antioxidant activity

“…20 It has driven the synthetic community to look for better ecologically friendly syntheses and reactions to speed up preparation and use less energy and effort. 21–23…”