Versatile solid-state potentiostat and amperostat

Goolsby, Alvin D.; Sawyer, Donald T.

doi:10.1021/ac60247a016

Cited by 51 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…To account for these species in Figure lc, V(OH)(dtc)3 probably undergoes two reactions in addition to that given by eq 4. A disproportionation reaction would account for the VO(dtc)3 peak 2V(OH)(dtc)3 -> V(dtc)3 + VO(dtc)3 + H20 (6) and, when considered with eq 5, indicates why the V(dtc)3 reduction peak is larger than that for VO(dtc)3. The VO(dtc)2 species probably is produced by a dissociation reaction V(OH)(dtc)3 VO(dtc)2 + H+ + dtc" (7) and accounts for the reduction peak at -1.35 V.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical studies of vanadium(III), -(IV), and -(V) complexes of diethyldithiocarbamate in acetonitrile

Riechel¹,

Hayes²,

Sawyer³

1976

Inorg. Chem.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical studies of vanadium(III), -(IV), and -(V) complexes of diethyldithiocarbamate in acetonitrile

Riechel¹,

Hayes²,

Sawyer³

1976

Inorg. Chem.

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“…Polarography was performed with a potentiostat based on the use of solid-state operational amplifiers. 35 The dropping mercury electrode and the polarographic cell employed for these experiments have been described previously. 36 The spectrophotometric measurements were made with a Cary 14 spectrophotometer and quartz cells. Magnetic susceptibilities were measured by the NMR method .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarographic and spectroscopic studies of the manganese(II), -(III), and -(IV) complexes formed by polyhydroxy ligands

Magers¹,

Smith²,

Sawyer³

1978

Inorg. Chem.

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The complexes of manganese with aliphatic and aromatic polyhydroxy ligands in basic media have been studied by electrochemical, spectrophotometric, and magnetic methods. The results indicate that glucarate, glycerate, L-tartrate, and meso-tartrate stabilize the +2, +3, and +4 oxidation states of manganese in much the same manner as gluconate ion. Sorbitol, mannitol, inositol, nzeso-erythritol, glycerol, 2,3-butanediol, and ethylene glycol do not appreciably form soluble Mn(II) complexes but produce stable Mn(III) and Mn(IV) complexes. Diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tartronate, and glycolate also form stable Mn(II) and -(III) complexes as well as transiently stable Mn(IV) complexes. Catechol,2, l,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate (Tirón), 3,5-di-íert-butylcatechol (DTBC), tetrafluorocatechol, 4,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonate, and salicylate stabilize the +2 and +3 oxidation states of manganese. A tris(DTBC semiquinone)manganese(III) complex is produced by oxidation of the Mn(II)-DTBC complex. The redox chemistry and solution equilibria for this group of complexes have been evaluated.

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“…Potentiostats provide feedback control and are the most commonly used electrochemical analytic devices. 27 Whereas V-ECLL systems consist of an anode and cathode, potentiostats engage three electrodes: A working, counter, and reference electrode connected by an operational amplifier. The potentiostat maintains a user-selected potential at the working electrode by applying a sufficient voltage at the counter electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring feedback‐controlled versus open‐circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study

et al. 2021

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Objectives: Minimally invasive fat sculpting techniques are becoming more widespread with the development of office-based devices and therapies. Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) is a needle-based technology that uses direct current (DC) to electrolyze tissue water creating acid and base in situ. In turn, fat is saponified and adipocyte cell membrane lysis occurs. The electrolysis of water can be accomplished using a simple open-loop circuit (V-ECLL) or by incorporating a feedback control circuit using a potentiostat (P-ECLL). A potentiostat utilizes an operational amplifier with negative feedback to allow users to precisely control voltage at specific electrodes. To date, the variation between the two approaches has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess current and charge transfer variation and lipolytic effect created by the two approaches in an in vivo porcine model. Methods: Charge transfer measurements from ex vivo V-ECLL and P-ECLL treated porcine skin and fat were recorded at −1 V P-ECLL, −2 V P-ECLL, −3 V P-ECLL, and −5 V V-ECLL each for 5 min to guide dosimetry parameters for in vivo studies. In follow-up in vivo studies, a sedated female Yorkshire pig was treated with both V-ECLL and P-ECLL across the dorsal surface over a range of dosimetry parameters, including −1.5 V P-ECLL, −2.5 V P-ECLL, −3.5 V P-ECLL, and 5 V V-ECLL each treated for 5 min. Serial biopsies were performed at baseline before treatment, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment. Tissue was examined using fluorescence microscopy and histology to compare the effects of the two ECLL approaches. Results: Both V-ECLL and P-ECLL treatments induced in-vivo fat necrosis evident by adipocyte membrane lysis, adipocyte denuclearization, and an acute inflammatory response across a 28-day longitudinal study. However, −1.5 V P-ECLL produced a smaller spatial necrotic effect compared to 5 V V-ECLL. In addition, 5 V V-ECLL produced a comparable necrotic effect to that of −2.5 V and −3.5 V P-ECLL. Conclusions: V-ECLL and P-ECLL at the aforementioned dosimetry parameters both achieved fat necrosis by adipocyte membrane lysis and denuclearization. The −2.5 V and −3.5 V P-ECLL treatments created spatially similar fat necrotic effects when compared to the 5 V V-ECLL treatment. Quantitatively, total charge transfer between dosimetry parameters suggests that −2.5 V P-ECLL and 5 V V-ECLL produce comparable electrochemical reactions. Such findings suggest

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Versatile solid-state potentiostat and amperostat

Cited by 51 publications

References 3 publications

Electrochemical studies of vanadium(III), -(IV), and -(V) complexes of diethyldithiocarbamate in acetonitrile

Electrochemical studies of vanadium(III), -(IV), and -(V) complexes of diethyldithiocarbamate in acetonitrile

Polarographic and spectroscopic studies of the manganese(II), -(III), and -(IV) complexes formed by polyhydroxy ligands

Exploring feedback‐controlled versus open‐circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study

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