Versatile and Validated Optical Authentication System Based on Physical Unclonable Functions

Arppe‐Tabbara, Riikka; Tabbara, M.; Sørensen, Thomas Just

doi:10.1021/acsami.8b17403

Cited by 97 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Although majority of the products are protected by an anti-counterfeiting technique, the global economic loss of counterfeiting has been increasing annually and estimated to reach 1.7 trillion US dollars in 2015 3 . The reason for this is the currently used anti-counterfeiting technologies that rely on inkjet-printed security labels can be readily duplicated by counterfeiters due to their uniform patterns and predicable, deterministic decoding mechanisms 4–6 . Despite this, the inkjet-printing technique itself has many distinguished advantages in low production cost, mass production, material-effective utility, unlimited pattern design ability, and excellent compatibility with various ink materials as well as supporting substrates 7–12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inkjet-printed unclonable quantum dot fluorescent anti-counterfeiting labels with artificial intelligence authentication

et al. 2019

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An ideal anti-counterfeiting technique has to be inexpensive, mass-producible, nondestructive, unclonable and convenient for authentication. Although many anti-counterfeiting technologies have been developed, very few of them fulfill all the above requirements. Here we report a non-destructive, inkjet-printable, artificial intelligence (AI)-decodable and unclonable security label. The stochastic pinning points at the three-phase contact line of the ink droplets is crucial for the successful inkjet printing of the unclonable security labels. Upon the solvent evaporation, the three-phase contact lines are pinned around the pinning points, where the quantum dots in the ink droplets deposited on, forming physically unclonable flower-like patterns. By utilizing the RGB emission quantum dots, full-color fluorescence security labels can be produced. A convenient and reliable AI-based authentication strategy is developed, allowing for the fast authentication of the covert, unclonable flower-like dot patterns with different sharpness, brightness, rotations, amplifications and the mixture of these parameters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inkjet-printed unclonable quantum dot fluorescent anti-counterfeiting labels with artificial intelligence authentication

et al. 2019

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“…Tags such as these can be any size required in each use case, but existing solutions include embedding the nanoparticles within a 3D object, or within a device-recognisable feature. We propose embedding the useful area of the tag within a QR code, allowing for challenges of the tag to be subdivided regions for each CRP, or the whole tag could generate a CRP 34 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hotspot generation for unique identification with nanomaterials

Abdelazim

Fong

McGrath

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Nanoscale variations in the structure and composition of an object are an enticing basis for verifying its identity, due to the physical complexity of attempting to reproduce such a system. The biggest practical challenge for nanoscale authentication lies in producing a system that can be assessed with a facile measurement. Here, a system is presented in which InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are randomly distributed on a surface of an aluminium-coated substrate with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Variations in the local arrangement of the QDs and NPs is shown to lead to interactions between them, which can suppress or enhance fluorescence from the QDs. This position-dependent interaction can be mapped, allowing intensity, emission dynamics, and/or wavelength variations to be used to uniquely identify a specific sample at the nanoscale with a far-field optical measurement. This demonstration could pave the way to producing robust anti-counterfeiting devices.

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“…[ 61,62 ] The complexity of chemical PUFs can easily be scaled by adding multiple taggants or combining multiple detection methods. [ 63 ] However, the relatively low physical stability under environment variations (e.g., temperature, stress, and illumination) and the signal fluctuation due to molecule reorientation and decomposition degrade their fidelity and repeatability, [ 8,55 ] limiting their applications in frequent authentication as well as the long‐term usages in harsh environment. Recently developed Bio‐PUF is advantageous in biocompatibility and reconfigurability, [ 64 ] but it is inefficient in cell culturing and sample preparing and is also unstable.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Random Nanofracture‐Enabled Physical Unclonable Function

Zhang

Shu

Zhang

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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measures are primarily based on digital cryptographic signature or physical identification tag. [8][9][10] Digital cryptographic keys generated by pseudo-random mathematic functions need to be programmed into nonvolatile memory, accompanied with complicate tamper resilient devices to protect the keys from side-channel attacks. [11] Physical identification tags such as radiofrequency identification tags (RFID), [1,12] holograms, [13,14] graphical tags, [15] watermarks, [16] security inks, [17,18] barcode, [19][20][21] and chemical tag [9,22] have already been introduced to the consumer products for property protection. Nonetheless, these tags are made in deterministic processes, thus are vulnerable to clone attacks due to the low complexity and high predictability. More complex molecular tags could be adopted with an increase in cost, and can only be accessible in specialized laboratory. [23][24][25] To combat the rising tide of counterfeiting, physical unclonable function (PUF, or physical one-way function) has been introduced. [26,27] PUF is made from an indeterministic stochastic process, whose fingerprint-like response is difficult to predict upon external stimulus, thereby naturally immune to the clone attack. The sufficiently large complexity of PUF also renders it effective against brute force reverse engineering and tamper attack. [28] Conventional integrated circuit (IC) based PUFs typically utilize the inherent variations in the gate and wire time delays (e.g., arbiter PUF [29,30] and ring oscillator PUF [31] ) or local mismatches (e.g., SRAM PUF, [32] latch PUF, [33] flip-flop PUF [34] ) as the source of randomness. IC based PUF is convenient for on-chip integration owing to its CMOS compatibility, but is vulnerable to model building attack due to the relatively low complexity and large bit error rate. Emerging technologies with higher degree of complexity such as phase change memory, [35] interfacial magnetic anisotropy, [36] carbon nanotube field effect transistor, [37][38][39][40] memristor [41][42][43][44][45] are proposed with an exponential increase in cost and fabrication difficulty. Chemically synthesized PUFs can afford large encoding capacity, small footprint and low production cost by measuring readily detectable characteristics such as scattering speckle image, [26,[46][47][48] fingerprint like textures, [49][50][51] fluorescence or lasing [25,[52][53][54][55][56] surface enhanced Raman signature, [57][58][59][60] and unpredictable defects and patterns in 2D materials. [61,62] The complexity of chemical PUFs can easily be scaled Physical unclonable function (PUF) is promising for anticounterfeiting and security applications. In this paper, a PUF concept is demonstrated based on the stochastic generation of nanodot matrix via mechanical stripping of a gold film kirigami with arrayed nanoscale split-ring cuts. The random occurrence of nanofracture of metallic nanoconnection at split-ring parts results in unpredictable remaining (labeled as "1") or peeling-off (labeled as "0") of nanodots in ea...

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Versatile and Validated Optical Authentication System Based on Physical Unclonable Functions

Cited by 97 publications

References 31 publications

Inkjet-printed unclonable quantum dot fluorescent anti-counterfeiting labels with artificial intelligence authentication

Inkjet-printed unclonable quantum dot fluorescent anti-counterfeiting labels with artificial intelligence authentication

Hotspot generation for unique identification with nanomaterials

Random Nanofracture‐Enabled Physical Unclonable Function

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