Vernalization, gibberellic acid and photo period are important signals of yield formation in timothy (<i>Phleum pratense</i>)

Jokela, Venla; Virkajärvi, Perttu; Tanskanen, Jaakko; Seppänen, Mervi

doi:10.1111/ppl.12141

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…It decreases when several environments and/or years are taken into account and also, as expected, when reproductive and vegetative growing stages are included: 0.3-0.6 [38,[40][41][42][43]. Differences in vernalization requirements between genotypes exist in perennial grasses [44][45][46] and could lead to differences in the date of flower induction, which in turn could lead to differences in leaf length. These differences in leaf length between genotypes do not reflect true differences in leaf length potential but rather differences in earliness of flower induction.…”

Section: Heritabilitymentioning

confidence: 65%

Leaf Length Variation in Perennial Forage Grasses

2015

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Leaf length is a key factor in the economic value of different grass species and cultivars in forage production. It is also important for the survival of individual plants within a sward. The objective of this paper is to discuss the basis of within-species variation in leaf length. Selection for leaf length has been highly efficient, with moderate to high narrow sense heritability. Nevertheless, the genetic regulation of leaf length is complex because it involves many genes with small individual effects. This could explain the low stability of QTL found in different studies. Leaf length has a strong response to environmental conditions. However, when significant genotype × environment interactions have been identified, their effects have been smaller than the main effects. Recent modelling-based research suggests that many of the reported environmental effects on leaf length and genotype × environment interactions could be biased. Indeed, it has been shown that leaf length is an emergent property strongly affected by the architectural state of the plant during significant periods prior to leaf emergence. This approach could lead to improved understanding of the factors affecting leaf length, as well as better estimates of the main genetic effects.

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Section: Heritabilitymentioning

confidence: 65%

Leaf Length Variation in Perennial Forage Grasses

2015

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“…After application of a low concentration of GA 3 , the number of cloves per bulb and the soluble sugar content were expressively improved, but the mean bulb weight was significantly reduced for plants treated with a high concentration of GA 3 [75]. Gibberellins (GA s ) are a growth-encouraging phytohormone [76][77][78], and the application of GA s might significantly increase plant weight in cauliflower and sweet peppers [65,79,80]. In addition, it has been stated that a high concentration of GA 3 and high frequency of application GA 3 inhibit lettuce growth [60] and decrease fruit weight in plum [81].…”

Section: Gibberellic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Allium Crops Bulb Enlargement in Response to Photoperiod: A Review

Atif

Ahanger

Amin

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The photoperiod marks a varied set of behaviors in plants, including bulbing. Bulbing is controlled by inner signals, which can be stimulated or subdued by the ecological environment. It had been broadly stated that phytohormones control the plant development, and they are considered to play a significant part in the bulb formation. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in understanding and advancement about the photoperiodic initiation of bulbing in plants. A noticeable query is to what degree the mechanisms discovered in bulb crops are also shared by other species and what other qualities are also dependent on photoperiod. The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein has a role in flowering; however, the FT genes were afterward reported to play further functions in other biological developments (e.g., bulbing). This is predominantly applicable in photoperiodic regulation, where the FT genes seem to have experienced significant development at the practical level and play a novel part in the switch of bulb formation in Alliums. The neofunctionalization of FT homologs in the photoperiodic environments detects these proteins as a new class of primary signaling mechanisms that control the growth and organogenesis in these agronomic-related species. In the present review, we report the underlying mechanisms regulating the photoperiodic-mediated bulb enlargement in Allium species. Therefore, the present review aims to systematically review the published literature on the bulbing mechanism of Allium crops in response to photoperiod. We also provide evidence showing that the bulbing transitions are controlled by phytohormones signaling and FT-like paralogues that respond to independent environmental cues (photoperiod), and we also show that an autorelay mechanism involving FT modulates the expression of the bulbing-control gene. Although a large number of studies have been conducted, several limitations and research gaps have been identified that need to be addressed in future studies.

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“…When tested at natural Danish day length conditions (15–18 h), Fiil et al (2011) identified considerable variation in vernalization response for timothy accessions of different origins, collected from latitudes between 35° N and 70°N. Vernalization accelerated flowering and development of timothy in all tested cultivars and accessions ( Seppänen et al, 2010 ; Fiil et al, 2011 ; Jokela et al, 2014 ). For two Finnish timothy cultivars, ‘Iki’ (originated 63°N) and ‘Tuure’ (bred for cultivation 60–64°N), 10 weeks vernalization was required for proper flowering, although more southern ‘Tuure’ was able to flower also without vernalization in 16-h PP ( Jokela et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“… Fiil et al (2011) have showed that heading time (HD) is correlated to geographical origin of timothy. One component of the variation in flowering behavior is differences in vernalization requirement; the need for prolonged winter cold to stimulate flowering ( Fiil et al, 2011 ; Jokela et al, 2014 ). When tested at natural Danish day length conditions (15–18 h), Fiil et al (2011) identified considerable variation in vernalization response for timothy accessions of different origins, collected from latitudes between 35° N and 70°N.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation in the flowering and yield formation of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) accessions after different photoperiod and vernalization treatments

2015

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Timothy is a perennial forage grass grown commonly in Boreal regions. This study explored the effect of vernalization and photoperiod (PP) on flowering and growth characteristics and how this related to changes in expression of three flowering related genes in accessions from different geographic origin. Large variation was found in accessions in their vernalization and PP responses. In southern accessions vernalization response or requirement was not observed, the heading date remained unchanged, and plants flowered without vernalization. On the contrary, northern types had obligatory requirement for vernalization and long PP, but the tiller elongation did not require vernalization at 16-h PP. Longer vernalization or PP treatments reduced the genotypical differences in flowering. Moreover, the vernalization saturation progressed stepwise from main tiller to lateral tillers, and this process was more synchronized in southern accessions. The expression of PpVRN1 was associated with vernalization while PpVRN3 accumulated at long PP. A crucial role for PpVRN3 in the transition to flowering was supported as in southern accession the transcript accumulated in non-vernalized plants after transfer to 16-h PP, and the apices transformed to generative stage. Differences in vernalization requirements were associated with variation in expression levels of PpVRN1 and PpVRN3, with higher expression levels in southern type. Most divergent transcript accumulation of PpMADS10 was found under different vernalization conditions. These differences between accessions can be translated into agronomic traits, such as the tiller composition of canopy, which affects the forage yield. The southern types, with minimal vernalization response, have fast re-growth ability and rapidly decreasing nutritive value, whereas northern types grow slowly and have better quality. This information can be utilized in breeding for new cultivars for longer growing seasons at high latitudes.

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Vernalization, gibberellic acid and photo period are important signals of yield formation in timothy (Phleum pratense)

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

Leaf Length Variation in Perennial Forage Grasses

Leaf Length Variation in Perennial Forage Grasses

Mechanism of Allium Crops Bulb Enlargement in Response to Photoperiod: A Review

Genetic variation in the flowering and yield formation of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) accessions after different photoperiod and vernalization treatments

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