Verifying the Efficiency of a Diesel Particulate Filter Using Particle Counters with Two Different Measurements in Periodic Technical Inspection of Vehicles

Jarosiński, W.; Wiśniowski, Piotr

doi:10.3390/en14165128

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Both SPN 23 and SPN 10 of V6 low idling emissions were ~10 7 #/cm 3 . This is in agreement with previous studies that reported >10 7 #/cm 3 [47,48] for diesel vehicles without DPF. Note that the reference system measured >3 × 10 6 #/cm 3 so the SPN 23 was probably underestimated.…”

Section: Vehicles Without Particulate Filtersupporting

confidence: 94%

“…This is one of the first studies that assessed sensors for the PTI of vehicles. Previous studies used prototypes [48][49][50], or the Swiss approved sensor [24]. Here from the six sensors tested, one had the approval (certificate) for the Swiss PTI (Sensor #6), two were prototypes without a specified country for homologation (Sensors #3 and #5), and three sensors (Sensors #1, #2 and #4) had either approval (certificate) for PTI testing or were ready for approval in Netherlands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Melas

Selleri

Suarez-Bertoa

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Following the increase in stringency of the European regulation limits for laboratory and real world automotive emissions, one of the main transport related aspects to improve the air quality is the mass scale in-use vehicle testing. Solid particle number (SPN) emissions have been drastically reduced with the use of diesel and gasoline particulate filters which, however, may get damaged or even been tampered. The feasibility of on-board monitoring and remote sensing as well as of the current periodical technical inspection (PTI) for detecting malfunctioning or tampered particulate filters is under discussion. A promising methodology for detecting high emitters is SPN testing at low idling during PTI. Several European countries plan to introduce this method for diesel vehicles and the European Commission (EC) will provide some guidelines. For this scope an experimental campaign was organized by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the EC with the participation of different instrument manufacturers. Idle SPN concentrations of vehicles without or with a malfunctioning particulate filter were measured. The presence of particles under the current cut-off size of 23 nm as well as of volatile particles during idling are presented. Moreover, the extreme case of a well performing vehicle tested after a filter regeneration is studied. In most of the cases the different sensors used were in good agreement, the high sub-23 nm particles existence being the most challenging case due to the differences in the sensors’ efficiency below the cut-off size.

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Section: Vehicles Without Particulate Filtersupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Melas

Selleri

Suarez-Bertoa

et al. 2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The threshold of the DPF smoke opacity test is very high. Efforts are taking place to add a NO x test, while for DPFs, a much more sensitive particle number methodology will be introduced in the Netherland, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland [52,53]. However, as most tampering methods are reversible, the user might restore the vehicle before the PTI test.…”

Section: Tampering Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tampering on On-Road and Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Emissions

et al. 2022

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Illegal manipulation (i.e., tampering) of vehicles is a severe problem because vehicle emissions increase orders of magnitude and significantly impact the environment and human health. This study measured the emissions before and after representative approaches of tampering of two Euro 6 Diesel light-duty passenger cars, two Euro VI Diesel heavy-duty trucks, and a Stage IV Diesel non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) agricultural tractor. With tampering of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx, the NOx emissions increased by more than one order of magnitude exceeding 1000 mg/km (or mg/kWh) for all vehicles, reaching older Euro or even pre-Euro levels. The tampering of the NOx sensor resulted in relatively low NOx increases, but significant ammonia (NH3) slip. The particle number emissions increased three to four orders of magnitude, reaching 6–10 × 1012 #/km for the passenger car (one order of magnitude higher than the current regulation limit). The tampered passenger car’s NOx and particle number emissions were one order of magnitude higher even compared to the emissions during a regeneration event. This study confirmed that (i) tampering with the help of an expert technician is still possible, even for vehicles complying with the current Euro standards, although this is not allowed by the regulation; (ii) tampering results in extreme increases in emissions.

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“…Note that the regulatory limit is 6 × 10 11 #/km (also for particles larger than 23 nm). Typically, vehicles with well-functioning DPF emit at low idling <5 × 10 4 #/cm 3 [18] and with malfunctioning DPF between 10 5 and 10 6 #/cm 3 [19][20][21]. When the DPF is removed or broken >5 × 10 6 #/cm 3 concentrations are expected [20,22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Measurement Procedures for Solid Particle Number (SPN) Measurements during the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI) of Vehicles

Melas

Selleri

Suarez-Bertoa

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Periodic technical inspection (PTI) of vehicles guarantees safety and environmental compliance during their lifetime. Particulate matter emissions of diesel vehicles are controlled with opacity measurements. After the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), particulate matter emissions have drastically decreased and the sensitivity of the opacity method is questioned. Several countries have already or are planning to introduce a solid particle number (SPN) method at their PTI that will either substitute or complement opacity measurements. However, there are differences in the measurement procedures and the limit values. In this study, we compared the different approaches and investigated topics which are still not well defined, such as the uncertainty of the SPN-PTI instruments, repeatability of the procedures, impact of the DPF fill state, and the correlation between type-approval SPN emissions and SPN concentrations during PTI tests. Finally, we compared the SPN-PTI instruments with the opacity meters. Our results showed that SPN-PTI measurements can detect tampered and defective DPFs. We also made suggestions on the measurement procedures and the concentration limit.

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Verifying the Efficiency of a Diesel Particulate Filter Using Particle Counters with Two Different Measurements in Periodic Technical Inspection of Vehicles

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Effect of Tampering on On-Road and Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Emissions

Evaluation of Measurement Procedures for Solid Particle Number (SPN) Measurements during the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI) of Vehicles

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