Verification of Fatigue Damage and Prognosis Related to Degradation of Polymer-Ceramic

Abstract

Statistically, road accidents involving pedestrians occur in the autumn and winter months, when outdoor temperatures reach −30 °C. The research presented in this paper investigates the impact of a pedestrian’s head on laminated windscreen, taking into account the effects of external temperature, heating of the windscreen from the inside, and fatigue of the glass. The automotive laminated windscreen under study is made from two layers of glass and a Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) resin bonding them together. PVB significantly changes its properties with temperature. The Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations of a pedestrian’s head hitting the windscreen of an Opel Astra II at <−30 °C, +20 °C> were performed. The obtained Head Injury Criterion (HIC) results revealed an almost twofold decrease in safety between +20 °C and −20 °C. The same test was then performed taking into account the heating of the windscreen from the inside and the fatigue of the glass layers. Surprisingly, the highest HIC value of all the cases studied was obtained at −30 °C and heating the windscreen. The nature of safety changes with temperature variation is different for the cases of heating, non-heating, and fatigue of glass layers. Glass fatigue increases pedestrian safety throughout the temperature range analysed.

Development of an Injection Mold with High Energy Efficiency of Vulcanization for Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Molding of the Fisheye Optical Lens

“…Figure 7 shows the manufacturing processes of an LSR injection mold. Thanks to the features of additive manufacturing technology, both CCC and CHC were printed with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) filament [19,20] using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine [21,22] (Teklink smart solution Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan). The printing parameters were a printing temperature of 200 • C, bed temperature of 60 • C, layer thickness of 0.1 mm, and printing speed of 30 mm/s.…”

Enhancing Surface Temperature Uniformity in a Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Mold with Conformal Heating Channels

“…To eliminate the air bubbles, the mixture was put into a vacuum pump (F-600, Feiling Inc. New Taipei City, Taiwan). Both the conventional and conformal heating channels were fabricated with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) filament feedstock (Thunder 3D Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan) [18,19] using fused filament modeling (FFF) technology [20,21] (Teklink smart solution Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan). The process parameters of FFF included a printing speed of 30 mm/s, bed temperature of 60 • C, printing temperature of 200 • C, and layer thickness of 0.1 mm.…”