Vergence Facility: Establishing Clinical Utility

Gall, Ronald; Wick, Bruce; Bedell, Harold E.

doi:10.1097/00006324-199810000-00018

Cited by 63 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…Distance was calculated from the midsagittal plane of the patient's head to the nearest half centimeter. Vergence facility at 40 cm using loose prisms of 12Δ-base-out and 3Δ-base-in at 40 cm while fixating an accommodative target of 20/30 VA [66]. Gradient AC/A ratio using cover test and −1.00 D lenses [4].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Signs Associated with a Large Exophoria at Near

Cacho-Martínez

García-Muñoz

Ruiz-Cantero

2013

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. To analyze the diagnostic validity of accommodative and binocular tests in a sample of patients with a large near exophoria with moderate to severe symptoms. Methods. Two groups of patients between 19 and 35 years were recruited from a university clinic: 33 subjects with large exophoria at near vision and moderate or high visual discomfort and 33 patients with normal heterophoria and low visual discomfort. Visual discomfort was defined using the Conlon survey. A refractive exam and an exhaustive evaluation of accommodation and vergence were assessed. Diagnostic validity by means of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR−) were assessed. This analysis was also carried out considering multiple tests as serial testing strategy. Results. ROC analysis showed the best diagnostic accuracy for receded near point of convergence (NPC) recovery (area = 0.929) and binocular accommodative facility (BAF) (area = 0.886). Using the cut-offs obtained with ROC analysis, the best diagnostic validity was obtained for the combination of NPC recovery and BAF (S = 0.77, Sp = 1, LR+ = value tending to infinity, LR− = 0.23) and the combination of NPC break and recovery with BAF (S = 0.73, Sp = 1, LR+ = tending to infinity, LR− = 0.27). Conclusions. NPC and BAF tests were the tests with the best diagnostic accuracy for subjects with large near exophoria and moderate to severe symptoms.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Signs Associated with a Large Exophoria at Near

Cacho-Martínez

García-Muñoz

Ruiz-Cantero

2013

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…A previous study used and validated a 3BI/12BO flipper lenses as a reference to diagnose flexibility problems. 38 We wanted to test stronger variation on vergence demand and to compare the levels of vergence facility measured in other studies using the same amount of prisms. 39,40 Accommodation Binocular fused cross cylinders were used to evaluate the response of accommodation at 40 cm (Jackson Cross as a target).…”

Section: Vergencementioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular Vision and the Stroop Test

Daniel

Kapoula

2016

Optometry and Vision Science

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“…With the two eyes open, the subject was instructed to pay attention to the presence of the two rows (4 and 6 that control suppression), which should not disappear or be seen double throughout the session. The number of changes in the position of the flipper of 3 D base-in/12 D base-out completed in 1 min was recorded [45].…”

Section: Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact lenses vs spectacles in myopes: is there any difference in accommodative and binocular function?

Jiménez

Martínez-Almeida

Salas

et al. 2010

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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The results found in this study show a definite trend towards poorer accommodative and vergence function with the use of contact lenses in comparison to glasses. This downward trend, though not statistically significant in accommodative function (lower PRA values and less lens amplitude of accommodation) might suggest that temporal insufficiency in the accommodation process could be occurring while contact lenses are used, thereby possibly creating a lag in accommodation to reduce associated overconvergence. This would be manifested in more esophoric values being found in the vergence function. The higher accommodative lags found in this study with SCL could indicate that prolonged use of SCL in near tasks may provoke a continuous hyperopic retinal defocus, a risk factor for the onset and progression of myopia, as indicated in numerous studies.

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Vergence Facility: Establishing Clinical Utility

Cited by 63 publications

References 0 publications

Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Signs Associated with a Large Exophoria at Near

Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Signs Associated with a Large Exophoria at Near

Binocular Vision and the Stroop Test

Contact lenses vs spectacles in myopes: is there any difference in accommodative and binocular function?

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