Verbal Sexual Coercion and Perceived Victim Responsibility: Mediating Effects of Perceived Control

Katz, Jennifer; Moore, Jessica A.; Tkachuk, Sherri

doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9253-x

Cited by 44 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…The different effects of ads for the two vignettes may simply be a reflection of the different perceptions of sexual assault and verbal sexual coercion more generally. In response to vignettes, participants are less likely to label verbal sexual coercion as rape (Luddy & Thompson, 1997;Russell, Oswald, & Kraus, 2011) and more likely to perceive it as controllable (Katz, Moore, & Tkachuk, 2007). Moreover, actual victims of verbal sexual coercion perceive their experiences as less serious than do victims of physical sexual assault (Abbey, BeShears, Clinton-Sherrod, & McAuslan, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Latent Sexism in Print Ads Increases Acceptance of Sexual Assault

2018

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believe sexism in advertisements is revealed not only through overt, easily recognizable content, such as scantily clad women or women in stereotypical roles, but also through less obvious, latent content that may only become apparent through deconstruction of the ads (e.g., a woman seated next to a standing man; eye makeup that may be seen as resembling a bruise; a woman's legs shown without the rest of her body). Furthermore, these experts claim the less obvious forms of sexism perpetuate stereotypes of women, women's inferior status, and even acceptance of abuse and sexual assault of women. Yet, despite the widespread acceptance by experts, there is no evidence that the public considers the latent content to be sexist, nor is there any evidence that the public is affected by these images. Unlike ads containing obvious sexism, whose effects are well established (e.g., American Psychological Association [APA], 2007;Ward & Harrison, 2005), there has been no research into the presumed effects of latent sexism in advertisements. Therefore, this research was designed to determine whether latent sexism in print ads (i.e., content considered sexist by experts, but not identified as sexist by laypersons) promotes acceptance of sexual assault.The notion that ads convey meaning about gender without viewers' awareness is not new. In his influential Gender Advertisements, Goffman (1979) argued that advertisements symbolically reflect social-cultural constructions of gender through displays of posture, positioning, facial expressions, and social roles: Sitting at a man's feet (ritualized subordination), gazing off absently (licensed withdrawal), or gently caressing an object (feminine touch) all demonstrate women's inferior status. According to Goffman, however, we fail to recognize the sexism in these images precisely because they reflect our unexamined assumptions about gender. Nonetheless, these gender displays allegedly perpetuate sexist stereotypes. Despite the complete lack of empirical evidence showing that these images promote sexist beliefs or attitudes, Goffman's analysis is widely accepted by scholars, 769755S GOXXX10.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Latent Sexism in Print Ads Increases Acceptance of Sexual Assault

2018

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“…A significantly higher percentage of men compared to women believed that most raped men are somewhat to blame and 51% of men (compared to 19.4% of women) indicated that they would have a hard time believing a man who said that he was raped by a woman (Sleath & Bull, 2010). Similarly, a study on verbal coercion found that male participants attributed less distress and more pleasure to the victim, although no gender differences were found in ratings of male victim responsibility (Katz et al, 2007).…”

Section: Rape Myth Acceptancementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Findings indicate that sexual aggressors were met with significantly less disapproval in situations with a male victim and a female perpetrator compared to scenarios with female victims of male perpetrators and scenarios where the victim and the perpetrator were both of the same sex. Men coerced into sex by female perpetrators are also found to be seen as more in control of the situation than coerced women, and therefore more responsibility was attributed to male victims (Katz, Moore, & Tkachuk, 2007). …”

Section: Rape Myth Acceptancementioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes of Dutch citizens towards male victims of sexual coercion by a female perpetrator

Huitema

Vanwesenbeeck

2016

Journal of Sexual Aggression

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This vignette study examines the differences in Dutch people's attitudes towards sexual coercion perpetrated by a male against a female versus sexual coercion perpetrated by a female against a male. In total, 583 Dutch citizens (16-86 years, 59.7% female) evaluated a control scenario and three sexually coercive scenarios (verbal coercion, purposeful intoxication and force), in which the sex of perpetrator and victim was purposely varied. The variables studied include: (1) scenario acceptability, (2) victim responsibility, (3) perpetrator responsibility, (4) victim pleasure, (5) victim distress and (6) support for filing a police report. The results indicate that sexual coercion of men is taken less seriously than sexual coercion of women, especially among Dutch men. However, most differences between attitudes towards male and female victims were found only in the physical force scenario. The findings highlight the importance of educational programmes to raise awareness and reduce stereotypical views on male sexual victimisation. Male sexual coercionThe issue of sexual coercion in adulthood has attracted a lot of attention from researchers. This scientific interest is hardly surprising, considering the stressful nature of these experiences. Krahé, Tomaszewska, Kuyper, and Vanwesenbeeck (2014) define sexual coercion as "behaviour carried out with the intent or result of making another person engage in sexual activity or sexual communication despite his or her unwillingness to do so" (p. 546). This covers a broad range of behaviours, such as manipulating the other by continuing to insist after the other person refused sex, lying about feelings or intentions, threatening with anger, withdrawing love, or using force.Considering the gendered nature of sexual aggression, the larger part of studies conducted in this area has focused on situations with male perpetrators and female victims. However, sexual coercion by females occurs as well (e.g. Breiding et al., 2014). Only in 1991 was the legal definition of rape under Dutch law rephrased into a gender-neutral wording. Before this time, rape was by definition committed by a male perpetrator against a female victim (Römkens, 2008). Even though it is now recognised that males and females can be victims of sexual coercion, research on the subject of male coercion by a female perpetrator remains limited.It is also acknowledged that situations of sexual coercion where the victim and the perpetrator are of the same sex are also only scarcely included in research. However, these situations are beyond the scope of this article, as the aim of the current study is to investigate the attitudes of Dutch citizens (16 years and older) towards adult male victims of sexual coercion by a female perpetrator. This type of research has not previously been conducted in the Netherlands.

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“…Second, as psychological aggression is less obvious than physical aggression, it is often overlooked and discounted in intimate relationships (Katz et al, 2007;Jezl, Molidor, Wright, 1996;Muñoz-Rivas, Graña Gómez, O'Leary, & González Lozano, 2007). This is not only true within the field but also within couples themselves, as Caetano, Field, Ramisetty-Mikler, and Lipsky (2009) found that over half of the couples they interviewed disagreed about what constituted psychological aggression.…”

Section: Psychological Aggressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has contributed to its ability to outpace the usage of physical aggression as a conflict tactic among college women (Bjorkqvist, 1994). Further, it adds to the normalization of these behaviors within college women's intimate relationships (Katz, Moore, & Tkachuk, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Parental Aggression and Cultural Gender Role Beliefs on Hispanic College Women's Experiences with Psychological Aggression

Oramas¹

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Verbal Sexual Coercion and Perceived Victim Responsibility: Mediating Effects of Perceived Control

Cited by 44 publications

References 39 publications

Latent Sexism in Print Ads Increases Acceptance of Sexual Assault

Latent Sexism in Print Ads Increases Acceptance of Sexual Assault

Attitudes of Dutch citizens towards male victims of sexual coercion by a female perpetrator

The Influence of Parental Aggression and Cultural Gender Role Beliefs on Hispanic College Women's Experiences with Psychological Aggression

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