Verbal Control of Delay Behavior in Two-Year-Old Boys as a Function of Social Class

Golden, Mark; Montare, Alberto; Bridger, Wagner H.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01277.x

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…At the 2-year visit, after administration of the Bayley, we administered a delayedresponse task, a typical measure of impulse control (Block & Block, 1980;Golden, Montare, & Bridger, 1977;Vaughn, Kopp, & Krakow, 1984). After a practice period, during which the experimenter made sure the child could follow the instructions,^ each child was given six trials in which food was hidden under one of three cups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Stability of Individual Differences in Sustained Attention in the Early Years

Ruff¹,

Lawson²,

Parrinello³

et al. 1990

Child Development

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The goal of this longitudinal study was to explore whether early measures of attention and inattention would be predictive of later attentiveness and whether there was any evidence of stable individual differences in attentiveness. Both full-term and preterm children were observed at 1, 2, and 3.5 years in free play and in more structured situations. For the group as a whole, and for full-terms separately, quantitative measures of inattention at 2 years were predictive of comparable measures at 3.5 years. For preterms separately, quantitative measures of inattention at 1 year were predictive of both behavior and the mothers' rating on the Conners Hyperactivity subscale at 3.5 years. Global, qualitative ratings of attentiveness at 1 and 2 years were predictive of mothers' ratings on the Conners at 3.5 years for the group as a whole and for full-terms separately. For full-terms only, the global ratings of attentiveness at 1 and 2 years were also predictive of 3.5-year quantitative measures of behavior. These data provide an encouraging base for further investigation of early individual differences in attentiveness and of possible early precursors of later attention deficits.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Stability of Individual Differences in Sustained Attention in the Early Years

Ruff¹,

Lawson²,

Parrinello³

et al. 1990

Child Development

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“…Food reward task.-This task was adapted from a procedure used by Golden et al (1977) to assess verbal control over behavior. The procedure was divided into two segments.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence and Consolidation of Self-Control from Eighteen to Thirty Months of Age: Normative Trends and Individual Differences

Vaughn¹,

Kopp²,

Krakow³

1984

Child Development

249

105

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This study is a descriptive report of the capability to exercise self-control in very young children. 2 aspects of self-control were assessed (delay/response inhibition in the presence of an attractive stimulus and compliance with maternal directives in a cleanup task) for 72 children between the ages of 18 and 30 months. The results indicated that both aspects of self-control show age-related increases. However, a factor analysis of the behaviors observed in the cleanup task suggested that compliance could not be adequately described with a unitary, bipolar dimension (noncompliance vs. compliance). 2 patterns of non-compliance were observed, and 1 of these also increased with age. Cross-task consistency for the delay measures) and coherence across the 2 aspects of self-control showed a positive relationship with increasing age. Finally, correlational analyses of the self-control measures and developmental test data showed that individual differences in self-control were associated with differences in cognitive-developmental status (DA). The results are interpreted as evidence that the achievement of self-control can be considered as a major developmental accomplishment and as evidence that individual differences in self-control emerge and are consolidated during the second and third years of life.

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“…In the snack delay test at 36 mo (36)(37)(38)(39), the children were asked to place their hands flat on a table and to restrain themselves from eating a single M&M candy from under a glass cup placed on the table in front of them. The children were instructed to delay eating until the research assistant rang a bell.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary evidence for an impulsivity-based thrifty eating phenotype

et al. 2012

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IntroductIon: Low birth weight is associated with obesity and an increased risk for metabolic/cardiovascular diseases in later life. results: The results of the snack delay test, which encompassed four distinct trials, indicated that the gender × intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) × trial interaction was a predictor of the ability to delay the food reward (P = 0.002). among children with normal birth weights, girls showed a greater ability to delay food rewards than did boys (P = 0.014).In contrast, among children with IUGR, there was no such differential ability between girls and boys. Furthermore, in girls, impulsive responding predicted both increased consumption of palatable fat (P = 0.007) and higher BMIs (P = 0.020) at 48 mo of age, although there was no such association with BMI at 36 mo. dIscussIon: In girls, the quality of fetal growth may contribute to impulsive eating, which may promote an increased intake of fats and consequently higher BMIs. as with the original thrifty phenotype, such a mechanism would be adaptive when food supplies are sparse, but would be problematic in societies with ample access to calorically rich foods. Methods: We examined whether the quality of intrauterine growth programs obesogenic eating behaviors, by investigating (i) the relationship between birth weight and impulsive eating in 3-year-old children (using the snack delay test), and (ii) whether impulsive eating predicts fat intake and/or BMI at 4 years of age (using a laboratory-based test meal).

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Verbal Control of Delay Behavior in Two-Year-Old Boys as a Function of Social Class

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

Long-Term Stability of Individual Differences in Sustained Attention in the Early Years

Long-Term Stability of Individual Differences in Sustained Attention in the Early Years

The Emergence and Consolidation of Self-Control from Eighteen to Thirty Months of Age: Normative Trends and Individual Differences

Preliminary evidence for an impulsivity-based thrifty eating phenotype

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