Veränderungen an den Endösen im Rückenmark des Affen nach Hinterwurzeldurchschneidung

Foerster, O.; Gagel, O.; Sheehan, Daniel M.

doi:10.1007/bf02118766

Cited by 59 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The observations on degenerating nerve endings confirm the finding of earlier morphological studies with silver staining techniques which revealed morphological alterations occurring soon after section of the afferent axon (5,(9)(10)(11)(12). Although the progress of the degeneration is variable in its course for the synapses of different cells and even for the endings on the surface of a single neuron, the most common sequence of events involves a swelling of the matrix, agglutination and lysis of the synaptic vesicles, distintegration of mitochondria, and finally detachment and breakdown of the membrane at the synaptic junction (see Text-fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Submicroscopic Changes of the Synapse After Nerve Section in the Acoustic Ganglion of the Guinea Pig. An Electron Microscope Study

Robertis

1956

The Journal of Cell Biology

122

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The degenerative changes of the synaptic regions after nerve section have been studied with the electron microscope in the interneuronal synapse of the ventral ganglion of the acoustic nerve of the guinea pig. Fixation with buffered osmic tetroxide was carried out 22, 44, and 48 hours after destruction of the cochlea on one side; the contralateral ganglion being used as control. The submicroscopic organization of normal axosomatic and axodendritic synapses is described. In the synaptic ending four morphological components are recognized: the membrane, the mitochondria, the synaptic vesicles (19, 20), and the cytoplasmic matrix. The intimate contact of glial processes with the endings and with the surface of the nerve cell is described. At the level of the synaptic junction there is a direct contact of the limiting membranes of the ending and of the cell body or dendrite. Both contacting membranes constitute the synaptic one with a total thickness of about 250 A. This membrane has regions of higher electron density where the synaptic vesicles come into intimate contact and fuse with it. Definite degenerative submicroscopic changes in the nerve endings were observed after 22 hours of destruction of the cochlea and were much more conspicuous after 44 and 48 hours. After 22 hours there is swelling of the ending and decreased electron density of the matrix. Most synaptic vesicles have disappeared or seem to undergo a process of clumping and dissolution. Some mitochondria also show signs of degeneration. After 44 hours the synaptic vesicles have practically disappeared; mitochondria are in different stages of lysis; the membrane of the ending becomes irregular in shape, and there is shrinkage and in some cases detachment of the ending. No changes in the postsynaptic cytoplasm were observed. These observations and particularly the rapid lysis of the synaptic vesicles are discussed in correlation with data from the literature indicating the early alteration of synaptic function and the biochemical changes occurring after section of the afferent nerve. The hypothesis that the synaptic vesicles may be carriers of acetylcholine or other active substances (19, 20) and that they may act as biochemical units in synaptic transmission is also discussed.2

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Submicroscopic Changes of the Synapse After Nerve Section in the Acoustic Ganglion of the Guinea Pig. An Electron Microscope Study

Robertis

1956

The Journal of Cell Biology

122

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“…Although often described in the older literature as a chromatolytic degeneration (e.g., by Minkowski, 1920), it does not present the classical picture of chromatolysis and the usual description as an atrophy of the cells is the more appropriate. Transneuronal atrophy has been described in situations other than the lateral geniculate body, e.g., in the spinal cord of the monkey and man after posterior root section by Foerster, Gagel, and Sheehan (1934) but recent investigations (Cook, Walker, and Barr, 1951, and others) have failed to confirm these findings. An atrophy of cells scattered among many which were unaffected would be difficult to detect; this may well be the situation in the spinal cord and may account for the lack of confirmation.…”

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confidence: 98%

A Note on Transneuronal Atrophy in the Human Lateral Geniculate Body

Goldby¹

1957

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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The phenomenon of atrophy in nerve cells after loss of their afferent connexions has been known for many years, but has been demonstrated unequivocally only in the lateral geniculate body, where it results from the degeneration and loss of afferents from the retina. It is shown by a diminution in the size of the perikaryon of the neurones, a somewhat variable loss of Nissl granules, a loss of intercellular neuropil (due to degeneration of fibres from the retina), and glial proliferation. Although often described in the older literature as a chromatolytic degeneration (e.g., by Minkowski, 1920), it does not present the classical picture of chromatolysis and the usual description as an atrophy of the cells is the more appropriate.Transneuronal atrophy has been described in situations other than the lateral geniculate body, e.g., in the spinal cord of the monkey and man after posterior root section by Foerster, Gagel, and Sheehan (1934) but recent investigations (Cook, Walker, and Barr, 1951, and others) have failed to confirm these findings. An atrophy of cells scattered among many which were unaffected would be difficult to detect; this may well be the situation in the spinal cord and may account for the lack of confirmation. The lateral geniculate body, where all the cells receive their afferents predominantly and p_rhaps exclusively from the retina, might well show the process in its most obvious and easily detected form, and is clearly the region most suitable for its study.There is much evidence to show that transneuronal atrophy in the lateral geniculate body differs in the rate at which it proceeds and probably also in the degree it reaches in different mammals. With the exception, however, of the work of Cook et al. (1951) in the cat and rabbit, it is difficult to make comparisons from the published accounts since quantitative methods have not been used to describe the degree of atrophy. It seems certain that the process is rapid and fulminating in primates, for changes are evident within seven days of section of the optic nerve (Glees and Clark, 1941). In the cat Cook et al. found that changes first became noticeable in the second month, and in the rabbit that they were even slower in their development. In the cat the atrophy amounted to about 25 % of the cross-sectional area of the cell, and did not increase up to 10 months after deafferentation (Cook et al., 1951).The normal primate lateral geniculate body, including that of man, has been studied extensively by quantitative methods (Balado and Franke, 1937;Chacko, 1948 and 1949) so that information about normal cell size, the total number of cells and their density is fairly complete. There appear, however, to be no similar studies of the cells in transneuronal atrophy, so that when a human specimen became available it seemed desirable that it should be investigated quantitatively. The primate lateral geniculate body is particularly suitabie for this purpose since, owing to its laminar structure, normal and atrophic laminae are available side by side...

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“…But Foerster and Gagel (1934) after section of the dorsal roots have demonstrated a chromatolytic reaction in the secondary afferent neurones of the spinal cord as well as in the motor cells of the ventral horns and in the intermedio-lateral tract. The demonstration of degenerating " boutons terminaux " round the same neurones proved that they were in direct synaptic connection with the primary sensory neurones.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recent Studies of the Morphology of the Neurone in Health and Disease

Greenfield¹

1938

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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Normal Neurone THE modern conception of the structure of the neurone is founded mainly on the work of Cajal and of Nissl. Earlier observers, such as Waller, His, and Ranvier, had established the connection of the axone with the nerve cell and paved the way for the neurone theory, which was formulated almost in its present form by Cajal (1891) on the basis of purely morphological study. To his method of impregnation with reduced silver nitrate we owe our knowledge of the neurofibrillar structure of the neurone and of its reactions to injury or disease. Modern knowledge of the changes in the structure of the nerve cell in disease is, however, chiefly based on Nissl's studies by his polychrome methylene blue method. His classification stands to-day with minor modifications as the basis of neuronal pathology. The end of the life-work of Nissl and Cajal, therefore, forms a convenient starting-point for a survey of recent studies on the morphology of the neurone. It will be convenient first to examine the normal structure of the neurone as indicated by these researches, and secondly to review additions to knowledge of the changes which the neurone undergoes in disease.THE PERIKARYON Physical Constitution.-The examination of the fresh nerve cell with the ultra-microscope by Marinesco (1911) and Mott (1912) did not reveal any constituents which other methods had not shown. Rather, it made them cast doubts on the existence of Nissl granules and neurofibrils in a preformed state. It seemed to them that these structures could not be brought out without special staining technique and were to that extent artefacts. To-day, however,

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Veränderungen an den Endösen im Rückenmark des Affen nach Hinterwurzeldurchschneidung

Cited by 59 publications

References 4 publications

Submicroscopic Changes of the Synapse After Nerve Section in the Acoustic Ganglion of the Guinea Pig. An Electron Microscope Study

Submicroscopic Changes of the Synapse After Nerve Section in the Acoustic Ganglion of the Guinea Pig. An Electron Microscope Study

A Note on Transneuronal Atrophy in the Human Lateral Geniculate Body

Recent Studies of the Morphology of the Neurone in Health and Disease

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