Venturia Inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. V. The Influence of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources and Vitamins on Growth in Vitro

Leben, Curt; Keitt, G. W.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1948.tb08089.x

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Leben and Keitt [77] showed that the best carbon sources for V. inaequalis were sugars and alcohols and the most suitable nitrogen sources were amino acids (arginine, glutamic acid, histidine and proline), urea and ammonia compounds (-sulphate and –phosphate). Thiamine was the only vitamin essential for fungal growth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Ontogenic Resistance in Malus-Venturia Pathosystem

Gusberti¹,

Gessler²,

Broggini³

2013

PLoS ONE

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Ontogenic scab resistance in apple leaves and fruits is a horizontal resistance against the plant pathogen Venturia inaequalis and is expressed as a decrease in disease symptoms and incidence with the ageing of the leaves. Several studies at the biochemical level tried to unveil the nature of this resistance; however, no conclusive results were reported. We decided therefore to investigate the genetic origin of this phenomenon by performing a full quantitative transcriptome sequencing and comparison of young (susceptible) and old (ontogenic resistant) leaves, infected or not with the pathogen. Two time points at 72 and 96 hours post-inoculation were chosen for RNA sampling and sequencing. Comparison between the different conditions (young and old leaves, inoculated or not) should allow the identification of differentially expressed genes which may represent different induced plant defence reactions leading to ontogenic resistance or may be the cause of a constitutive (uninoculated with the pathogen) shift toward resistance in old leaves. Differentially expressed genes were then characterised for their function by homology to A. thaliana and other plant genes, particularly looking for genes involved in pathways already suspected of appertaining to ontogenic resistance in apple or other hosts, or to plant defence mechanisms in general.In this work, five candidate genes putatively involved in the ontogenic resistance of apple were identified: a gene encoding an “enhanced disease susceptibility 1 protein” was found to be down-regulated in both uninoculated and inoculated old leaves at 96 hpi, while the other four genes encoding proteins (metallothionein3-like protein, lipoxygenase, lipid transfer protein, and a peroxidase 3) were found to be constitutively up-regulated in inoculated and uninoculated old leaves. The modulation of the five candidate genes has been validated using the real-time quantitative PCR. Thus, ontogenic resistance may be the result of the corresponding up- and down-regulation of these genes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Ontogenic Resistance in Malus-Venturia Pathosystem

Gusberti¹,

Gessler²,

Broggini³

2013

PLoS ONE

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“…Thus it would seem that amino acids, most of which are readily soluble in water, and possibly some vitamins of the B group, are the substances in apple leaves which stimulate the growth of the apple scab fungus. Leben & Keitt (1948) found thiamine was the only growth factor which stimulated Venturia inaequalis; the effect was varied with different cultures. It was shown (Fothergill & Ashcroft, 1955) that a strain of V .…”

Section: P G Fothergill and R Ashcroftmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Moreover, carbohydrates are not present in Oxoid peptone, and we have shown that this peptone contains the stimulatory substances. Leben & Keitt (1948) …”

Section: Eflects Of Apple Leaf Decoctions Ott Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Growth without these growth factors was negligible, but thiamine alone gave the greatest stimulation. Suggestions were made by Keitt and co-workers (Keitt, Palmiter & Langford, 1938 Leben & Keitt, 1948) that a genetic factor, or factors, in V . inaequalis which was responsible for pathogenicity might be related to the nutritional requirements of the given pathogenic strain.…”

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Further Nutritional Studies of Venturia inaequalis

Fothergill

Ashcroft

1955

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: A series of nutritional experiments was carried out on cultures from single ascospores isolated from a single ascus of Venturia inaequalis. The results showed: ( a ) thiamine stimulated all cultures and other vitamins did so to a much less extent ; (b) decoctions of apple leaves contained stimulatory substances ; ( c ) these substances were amino acids, chiefly isoleucine, glutamine, serine and phenylalanine ; (d) best growth was given by some cultures in the presence of thiamine and various amino acids; ( e ) the reaction of the fungus cultures to the decoctions, amino acids and thiamine varied according to the cultures and the combination of nutrients.There were indications that the nutritional requirements reflected the genetic composition of a given culture ; (f) in the absence of leaf decoctions the best sources of nitrogen were Oxoid peptone and asparagine, and growth with these substances reflected the genetic composition of the organism ; (g) a t least ten amino acids were shown to be present in the leaves of all or some apple varieties.In a previous paper Fothergill & Ashcroft (1955) showed that a strain of Venturia inaequalis, the cause of apple scab, obtained from the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, gave maximal growth when grown at 20' for 30 days a t pH 5-8 in a balanced solution containing: 4 % (w/v) glucose; 0.004 M-K,HPO,; 0.002 nx-MgSO,.7H2O; 0.0375 M-NH,NO,; Zn and Mn at 2 p.p.m. ; sufficient amounts of thiamine, pyridoxine, folic acid, nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid. Growth without these growth factors was negligible, but thiamine alone gave the greatest stimulation. Suggestions were made by Keitt and co-workers (Keitt, Palmiter & Langford, 1938 Leben & Keitt, 1948) that a genetic factor, or factors, in V . inaequalis which was responsible for pathogenicity might be related to the nutritional requirements of the given pathogenic strain. I n the present communication the results of a study of cultures from single ascopores are given. METHODSEight cultures grown from eight ascospores isolated from a single ascus of Venturia inaequalis were kindly supplied by Professor G. W. Keitt, Pathology Department, Wisconsin University. They were numbered according to the position of the ascospore in the ascus, culture 1 having been derived from the apical spore and the others in order downwards. The following are known to be chromatid mates: 1, 2; 3, 4; 5, 6; and 7, 8

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“…It is evident that certain carbohydrates are readily utilizable by Venturia inaequalis. With several lines of this fungus Leben & Keitt (1948) found that cellobiose, dextrin, fructose, glucose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, mellibiose, raffinose or sucrose were good sources for all the strains tested, while organic acids were inhibitory or poorly used. The results given here in the main confirm those of Leben & Keitt, although there are important differences.…”

Section: P G Fothergill and R Ashcroftmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nutritional Requirements of Venturia inaequalis

Fothergill

Ashcroft

1955

Journal of General Microbiology

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thiamine, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, folic acid, ascorbic acid. Without thiamine practically no growth of the fungus took place ; omission of pyridoxine had nearly as adverse an effect. Raffinose and cellobiose were the best carbon sources ; glucose also gave a good yield of mycelium. Statistical analysis of factorial experiments indicated that a correct balance between the mineral constituents of the medium and between the carbon and nitrogen sources is essential in order to obtain a high yield of mycelium.Apple scab is one of the commonest orchard diseases in temperate regions. The disease attacks all parts of the tree and when infection of the fruit is severe the yield of marketable apples may be decreased by as much as 50 yo.This disease is caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter, an . ascomycete. The conidial phase, which is the more important stage from a pathological standpoint, was a t one time called Fusicladium dendriticum (Wallr.) Fol.; this stage is found on all living parts of the host. The perithecial stage is less noticeable and occurs only on over-wintered fallen leaves. Most of the work done on Venturia inaequalis in the past has concentrated on the genetics of disease resistance and susceptibility. Johnstone (1931) suggested that resistance to the fungus was not due to any single factor and appeared to depend on the physiological relationship between host and parasite, while the work of Keitt & Langford (1941) indicated that it might be connected with the nutrition of the fungus. The nutritional requirements of V. inaequalis have not previously been comprehensively investigated; the present paper describes results of work along these lines. lMETHODSStock cultures of Venturia inaequalis were grown on malt-extract agar slopes containing apple leaf decoction; this MEAL medium was prepared as follows. Air-dried 'Bramley's Seedling' apple leaves (25 g.) were boiled in 500 ml. distilled water for 30 min. Malt extract ( 5 g.) and agar (25 g,) were dissolved in distilled water and the filtered leaf decoction added to this mixture, which was then made up to a final volume of 1 1. The inoculum for all experiments was prepared by adding 15 ml. sterile distilled water to a 6 x 2 in. tube 26 G. Microb. XII

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Venturia Inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. V. The Influence of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources and Vitamins on Growth in Vitro

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Ontogenic Resistance in Malus-Venturia Pathosystem

RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Ontogenic Resistance in Malus-Venturia Pathosystem

Further Nutritional Studies of Venturia inaequalis

The Nutritional Requirements of Venturia inaequalis

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