Ventilation and Locomotion in Humans: Mechanisms, Implications, and Perturbations to the Coupling of These Two Rhythms

Stickford, Abigail S.L.; Stickford, Jonathon L.

doi:10.1007/s40362-014-0020-4

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…A cycle-ergometer exercise protocol was adopted to evaluate the outcomes of the 'independent breath' algorithm (Francescato & Cettolo, 2019), in agreement with the majority of comparisons among gas exchange calculation algorithms (Beaver et al, 1981;Beaver, Wasserman, & Whipp, 1973;Capelli et al, 2001;Cautero et al, 2003;di Prampero & Lafortuna, 1989;Gimenez & Busso, 2008;Hughson et al, 1991;Koga et al, 1989;Swanson, 1980;Wüst et al, 2008). Limb movements and breathing, however, might not be isolated actions (Stickford & Stickford, 2014). Moreover, during running, the flow sensor (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath‐by‐breath oxygen uptake during running: Effects of different calculation algorithms

Koschate

Cettolo

Hoffmann

et al. 2019

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question of this study?Breath‐by‐breath gas exchange analysis during treadmill exercise can be disturbed by different breathing patterns depending on cadence, and the flow sensor might be subjected to variable mechanical stress. It is still unclear whether the outcomes of the gas exchange algorithms can be affected by running at different speeds. What is the main finding and its importance?Practically, the three investigated breath‐by‐breath algorithms (‘Wessel’, ‘expiration‐only’ and ‘independent breath’) provided similar average gas exchange values for steady‐state conditions. The ‘independent breath’ algorithm showed the lowest breath‐by‐breath fluctuations in the gas exchange data compared with the other investigated algorithms, both at steady state and during incremental exercise. Abstract Recently, a new breath‐by‐breath gas exchange calculation algorithm (called ‘independent breath’) was proposed. In the present work, we aimed to compare the breath‐by‐breath O2 uptake (V̇normalO2) values assessed in healthy subjects undergoing a running protocol, as calculated applying the ‘independent breath’ algorithm or two other commonly used algorithms. The traces of respiratory flow, O2 and CO2 fractions, used by the calculation algorithms, were acquired at the mouth on 17 volunteers at rest, during running on a treadmill at 6.5 and 9.5 km h−1, and thereafter up to volitional fatigue. Within‐subject averages and standard deviations of breath‐by‐breath V̇normalO2 were calculated for steady‐state conditions; the V̇normalO2 data of the incremental phase were analysed by means of linear regression, and their root mean square was assumed to be an index of the breath‐by‐breath fluctuations. The average values obtained with the different algorithms were significantly different (P < 0.001); nevertheless, from a practical point of view the difference could be considered ‘small’ in all the investigated conditions (effect size <0.3). The standard deviations were significantly lower for the ‘independent breath’ algorithm (post hoc contrasts, P < 0.001), and the slopes of the relationships with the corresponding data yielded by the other algorithms were <0.70. The root mean squares of the linear regressions calculated for the incremental phase were also significantly lower for the ‘independent breath’ algorithm, and the slopes of the regression lines with the corresponding values obtained with the other algorithms were <0.84. In conclusion, the ‘independent breath’ algorithm yielded the least breath‐by‐breath O2 uptake fluctuation, both during steady‐state exercise and during incremental running.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath‐by‐breath oxygen uptake during running: Effects of different calculation algorithms

Koschate

Cettolo

Hoffmann

et al. 2019

Experimental Physiology

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“…Furthermore, individual muscles can alternate between different rhythmic behaviors, or contribute to multiple simultaneous behaviors (Lancaster et al, 1995; Ramirez, 1998; Gestreau et al, 2000; Schmidt and Martin Wild, 2014). However, the extent of coordination varies based on behavioral version or environmental conditions (Lancaster et al, 1995; Stickford and Stickford, 2014; Stein and Harzsch, 2020). Neuronal switching between single- and dual-network activity may underlie such flexibility for network coordination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal Switching Between Single- and Dual-Network Activity via Modulation of Intrinsic Membrane Properties

Fahoum

Blitz

2021

Preprint

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Oscillatory networks underlie rhythmic behaviors (e.g. walking, chewing), and complex behaviors (e.g. memory formation, decision making). Flexibility of oscillatory networks includes neurons switching between single- and dual-network participation, even generating oscillations at two distinct frequencies. Modulation of synaptic strength can underlie this neuronal switching. Here we ask whether switching into dual-frequency oscillations can also result from modulation of intrinsic neuronal properties. The isolated stomatogastric nervous system of male Cancer borealis crabs contains two well-characterized rhythmic feeding-related networks (pyloric, ~1 Hz; gastric mill, ~0.1 Hz). The identified modulatory projection neuron MCN5 causes the pyloric-only LPG neuron to switch to dual pyloric/gastric mill bursting. Bath applying the MCN5 neuropeptide transmitter Gly1-SIFamide only partly mimics the LPG switch to dual activity, due to continued LP neuron inhibition of LPG. Here, we find that MCN5 uses a co-transmitter, glutamate, to inhibit LP, unlike Gly1-SIFamide excitation of LP. Thus, we modeled the MCN5-elicited LPG switching with Gly1-SIFamide application and LP photoinactivation. Using hyperpolarization of pyloric pacemaker neurons and gastric mill network neurons, we found that LPG pyloric-timed oscillations require rhythmic electrical synaptic input. However, LPG gastric mill-timed oscillations do not require any pyloric/gastric mill synaptic input and are voltage dependent. Thus, we identify modulation of intrinsic properties as an additional mechanism for switching a neuron into dual-frequency activity. Instead of synaptic modulation switching a neuron into a second network as a passive follower, modulation of intrinsic properties could enable a switching neuron to become an active contributor to rhythm generation in the second network.

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“…Physiological results for RR (and RRV) measures support the claim that a vegetative response is also produced in observed and imagined motor activities beyond the performed ones, and that this response is proportional to the intensity of such perceived and imagined actions. Specifically, increased RR in the walking task relative to the baseline task (pushing) was expected and may be expression of the locomotion respiratory coupling (LRC), a mechanism adapting ventilation to changes in metabolic requests during locomotion 40 . In keeping with this, there is evidence that SMA is involved in respiratory actions 41 , 42 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relevant evidence for the aim of the present study is that also during the Observation and (tendentially) the Imagination conditions the same mechanism seems to be operating, thus indicating that the mere mental representation of such motor action can induce changes in the ANS response. To note, LRC may be in turn affected by such motor resonance processes; possibly involving the contribution of central pattern generators (CPGs) 40 . This represents, in our view, a clear behavioral evidence of a functional connection between the MNS and the ANS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory function modulated during execution, observation, and imagination of walking via SII

Pellicano

Mingoia

Buccino

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The Mirror Neurons System (MNS) consists of brain areas active during actions execution, as well as observation-imagination of the same actions. MNS represents a potential mechanism by which we understand other's action goals. We investigated MNS activation for legs actions, and its interaction with the autonomic nervous system. We performed a physiological and fMRI investigation on the common neural structures recruited during the execution, observation, and imagination of walking, and their effects on respiratory activity. Bilateral SMA were activated by all three tasks, suggesting that these areas are responsible for the core of the MNS effect for walking. Moreover, we observed in bilateral parietal opercula (OP1, secondary somatosensory cortex-SII) evidence of an MNS subtending walking execution-observation-imagination that also modulated the respiratory function. We suggest that SII, in modulating the vegetative response during motor activity but also during observation-imagination, consists of a re-enacting function which facilitates the understanding of motor actions.

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Ventilation and Locomotion in Humans: Mechanisms, Implications, and Perturbations to the Coupling of These Two Rhythms

Cited by 28 publications

References 143 publications

Breath‐by‐breath oxygen uptake during running: Effects of different calculation algorithms

Breath‐by‐breath oxygen uptake during running: Effects of different calculation algorithms

Neuronal Switching Between Single- and Dual-Network Activity via Modulation of Intrinsic Membrane Properties

Respiratory function modulated during execution, observation, and imagination of walking via SII

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