Venous drainage of the soleus muscle

Reis, Francisco Prado; Aragão, José Aderval; Figueiredo, Luísa; Miranda, Fausto; Nunes, Marco Antônio Prado; Feitosa, Vera Lúcia Corrêa

doi:10.1007/s00276-008-0333-6

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…One of the most commonly used flaps in compound tibial fracture is the soleus muscular flap [9]. In the present study, we did not provide a description of the intramuscular arteries but we did focus on EMB probably the most accessible to imaging and dissected surgically [14].Transplantation of the soleus muscle for medial and distal third leg wounds was first described clearly by Wright and Watkins. The flap can be used to cover a portion of the distal tibia by extending the soleus muscle using several relaxing incisions in the epimysium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Arterial supply to the soleus muscle: an anatomical study with emphasis on its application in the pedicle flap surgery

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Arterial supply to the soleus muscle: an anatomical study with emphasis on its application in the pedicle flap surgery

et al. 2015

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“…This approach has also been performed by Sequeira et al [11,12,26] and Reis et al [27]. So in that way, most of our discussion was held at the work of these single authors, in Brazil, to carry out this type of study for soleus veins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Anatomy of Extramuscular Soleus Veins: Clinical Impact

Aragão¹,

Reis²,

Aragão³

et al. 2017

Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances

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The venous system of the lower limbs has great structural and functional anatomical complexity which must be considered in different dysfunctions of this system. This complexity lies mainly in the venous return, which is changed from the upright position and ambulation and other factors such as level of physical activity, heart function, circulating blood volume, and ambient temperature. Anatomical description of soleus veins (SV) has received little attention from books' anatomy texts. These veins are intramuscular deep veins and known as the main chamber of the calf pump. Soleus veins have been implicated as the site for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Detailed anatomical knowledge is required for early diagnosis using noninvasive ultrasound techniques. In the present work, we describe the anatomy of the veins that emerge from the ventral surface of the soleus muscle. Twenty-eight soleus muscles were dissected and 543 veins were found. The number of veins per leg ranged from 7 to 38. The distribution of these veins per quadrant ranged from 0 to 12. The greatest number of veins occurred in the upper lateral quadrant. Most of the soleus veins drained into the posterior tibial and fibular veins. The mean length of the soleus veins ranged from 0.907 to 2.804 cm. We conclude that there is a wide variability in the distribution of soleus veins through the soleus muscle and its quadrants. The majority of the soleus veins drain into the tibial and fibular veins.

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“…Some studies of the anatomy of intramuscular soleus veins have described them as having thin walls, profuse valves, and a capability for great dilatation [17, 18]. Another reason for increased dilatation is a decrease in the calf muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preoperative Evaluation of Soleal Vein Diameter by Ultrasound Is Beneficial for Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis after Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty

Yao

Qiao

Song

et al. 2018

BioMed Research International

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Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the association between preoperative soleal vein (SV) diameter and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Methods A total of 402 patients were enrolled, with 229 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and 173 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). Ultrasonography was performed 1-3 days preoperatively, on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7, or before discharge and during follow-up. The SV diameter was assessed preoperatively. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to compare parameters between the DVT group and the non-DVT group. Results 78 patients (19.4%) were found to have DVT during hospitalization and after discharge and 14 patients (3.5%) developed symptomatic DVT. Multiple regression analysis showed that SV diameter, advanced age, and surgery type were independent predictors of postoperative DVT. In the logistic regression analysis for symptomatic DVT, SV diameter was found to be the only predictor. In the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for the value of SV diameter in diagnosing DVT, the area under curve (AUC) was 0.701 ((95% CI 0.636-0.766), P<0.001) and when the cut-off value of SV diameter was set at 0.57 cm, the sensitivity and specificity of SV diameter were 62.7% and 72.1%, respectively. Conclusions SV diameter was an independent risk factor for total and symptomatic DVT after TJA. Preoperative ultrasound screening of the SV diameter may be beneficial for the prevention of postoperative DVT.

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Venous drainage of the soleus muscle

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Arterial supply to the soleus muscle: an anatomical study with emphasis on its application in the pedicle flap surgery

Arterial supply to the soleus muscle: an anatomical study with emphasis on its application in the pedicle flap surgery

Anatomy of Extramuscular Soleus Veins: Clinical Impact

Preoperative Evaluation of Soleal Vein Diameter by Ultrasound Is Beneficial for Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis after Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty

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