Venous compression syndromes: clinical features, imaging findings and management

Abstract

Extrinsic venous compression is caused by compression of the veins in tight anatomic spaces by adjacent structures, and is seen in a number of locations. Venous compression syndromes, including Paget-Schroetter syndrome, Nutcracker syndrome, May-Thurner syndrome and popliteal venous compression will be discussed. These syndromes are usually seen in young, otherwise healthy individuals, and can lead to significant overall morbidity. Aside from clinical findings and physical examination, diagnosis can be made with ultrasound, CT, or MR conventional venography. Symptoms and haemodynamic significance of the compression determine the ideal treatment method.

Thoracic outlet syndrome: clinical and diagnostic features

“…Частный вариант венозного TOS при тромбозе под-ключичной вены получил название синдрома Педже-та -Шреттера [26,28,29]. Неокклюзирующий тромбоз подключичной вены может быть бессимптомным или проявляться только при определенном положении верхней конечности.…”

Peripheral edema: diagnostics and treatment

“…Лечение заключается в применении компрессионных чулок, а в случае острого тромбо-за -антикоагулянтов. реже применяются хирурги-ческие методы лечения (стентирование, шунтирова-ние) [36].…”

Minimally invasive treatments for venous compression syndromes

“…This may eventually progress to chronic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), venous occlusion or venous insufficiency (2).…”

“…The clinical features of venous compression syndromes vary based on their anatomical location and can include pain, swelling, varicosities and hematuria (2). Suspected venous compression syndrome can be evaluated with several noninvasive imaging modalities including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) with venography (CTV), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with venography (MRV) (1).…”

“…Conservative measures are typically first-line treatment in the majority of cases, but invasive operative management is often necessary to correct the underlying anatomical cause of venous compression (2). Endovascular treatment options offer a minimally invasive approach to select cases, with several reports of long-term efficacy demonstrated in the literature (1).…”