Venous anatomy of the lumbar region applied to anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF): Proposal of a new classification

Abstract

Background: Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is a good alternative for the surgical treatment of lumbar degenerative disc disease. The primary vascular complications regarding this intervention involve the common iliac vein bifurcation complex (CIVC). Currently, no classification system allows defining which patients are more prone to these complications. We aimed to perform a retrospective study evaluating the anatomy of the common iliac CIVC at the L5-S1 disc proposing a novel classification system as it relates to the ALIF difficulty. Methods: 91 consecutive patients who underwent ALIF at the L5-S1 level were included. We categorize the CIVC at the L5-S1 disc space into four types according to the veins position along the disc space. The patient records were reviewed for demographic information, surgical characteristics, and complications. The surgical difficulty was rated at the end of the procedure. Results: 54% of the patients were women. The mean age was 52.5 ± 14.8 years. Mean surgical bleeding was 152 ml (range 20ml -3000 ml), and mean surgical time was 79 ± 13.3 minutes. Berbeo-Diaz-Vargas (BDV) classification type 4 was found in 43.9% of the patients. The surgical complexity was associated with the bleeding magnitude and surgical time spent (p < 0.01), not being related to the corporal mass index or sacral slope. Bleeding magnitude, surgical time, and surgical complexity were significantly related to the BDV classification system (p < 0.01). Weighted Cohen´s kappa index for the BDV scale was 0.89 (95% IC 0.822 -0.974). Conclusions: BDV scale is a reliable and reproducible tool for the classification of CIVC significantly related to a higher incidence of bleeding, prolonged operating time, and increased perceived difficulty by the surgeon.

Venous Anomalies Complicating Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Exposures

“…3,4 A significant difficulty for this approach lies in the vascular anatomy of the lumbar region. 5 Surgical complications and injury primarily involve the venous structures on the left side in up to 24% of cases. 5 Currently, there is no preoperative imaging protocol for ALIF.…”

“…5 Surgical complications and injury primarily involve the venous structures on the left side in up to 24% of cases. 5 Currently, there is no preoperative imaging protocol for ALIF. We present a case series on five patients with vascular anomalies who were recommended to undergo a two-stage anterior lumbar interbody fusion with posterolateral spinal fusion (ALIF-PSF) after failing non-operative treatment including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxers, opioids, epidural steroid injections, facet blocks, physical therapy.…”