Venom yields from Australian and some other species of snakes

Abstract

The wet and dry venom yields for most Australian native dangerous snakes and a number of non-Australian species are presented. Snakes from the Pseudonaja genus yielded higher than previously published amounts and suggest reconsideration be given to increasing the volume of antivenom in each vial. Higher percentage solids were obtained from venoms from the 4 cobra species (Naja) and Pseudechis genus included in this series.

Revisiting Notechis scutatus venom: on shotgun proteomics and neutralization by the “bivalent” Sea Snake Antivenom

“…: 0.05-0.09) reported earlier from the same laboratory [15]. The extremely low intravenous LD 50 and the high average venom yield of 30-40 mg (dry weight) per milking [33] imply that envenoming by N. scutatus is highly fatal without timely and appropriate antivenom rescue. Subcutaneously, N. scutatus venom has a relatively higher LD 50 (0.45 μg/g, 95% C.I.…”

Comparative Studies of the Venom of a New Taipan Species, Oxyuranus temporalis, with Other Members of Its Genus

“…The male was fed adult mice on 7 to 14 day intervals and the female was fed rat pups at 7 to 14 day intervals. For the first three milkings, the snakes were milked using method two [33] and for the fourth and fifth milking, method three was used [33]. …”

“…They were maintained at a gradient which ranged between 17 °C and 35 °C. They were all fed on rats of various sizes on a 7–14 day basis and were milked using method two [33]. O. scutellatus (Papuan Taipan-Merauke) venom was obtained from Duncan Macrae (Bali, Indonesia).…”

“…O. scutellatus (Papuan Taipan-Merauke) venom was obtained from Duncan Macrae (Bali, Indonesia). The milking method used was method two [33]. …”

Immunological cross-reactivity and neutralization of the principal toxins of Naja sumatrana and related cobra venoms by a Thai polyvalent antivenom (Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom)

“…Progressive descending paralysis and local necrosis are the prominent neurological manifestation of cobra envenomation. The early signs of muscular paralysis usually begin with ptosis, diplopia, ophthalmoplegia, dysphasia and dysphagia, followed by limb weakness venom injected by a cobra in a bite may range from 100 to 600 mg (Mirtschin et al, 2006). Administration of a very large amount of antivenom is, however, undesirable as it not only results in a very high treatment cost but also greatly increases the risk of hypersensitivity.…”