Venom content and toxicity regeneration after venom gland depletion by electrostimulation in the scorpion Centruroides limpidus

Carcamo-Noriega, Edson; Possani, L.D.; Ortíz, Ernesto

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.305

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…To determine the glandular origins and utilization of different types of venom in the two reduviid species P. biguttatus and P. horrida , we used three nonlethal collection methods that mimic natural stimuli. Electrostimulation is often used to collect venom from arthropods, and this approach has been successful in Hymenoptera (Mueller et al., 1981), Heteroptera (Walker, Hernández‐Vargas, et al, 2018; Walker, Mayhew, et al, 2018), centipedes (Jenner, von Reumont, Campbell, & Undheim, 2019; Malta et al., 2008), spiders (Barbaro, Cardoso, Eickstedt, & Mota, 1992; da Silveira et al., 2002), and scorpions (Carcamo‐Noriega, Possani, & Ortiz, 2019; Rowe & Rowe, 2008). The advantage of electrostimulation is that it yields large volumes of venom (Glenn, Straight, & Snyder, 1972; Rocha‐e‐Silva, Sutti, & Hyslop, 2009) that is usually free from tissue contamination (Mueller et al., 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrostimulation is often used to collect venom from arthropods, and this approach has been successful in Hymenoptera (Mueller et al, 1981), Heteroptera (Walker, Hernández-Vargas, et al, 2018;Walker, Mayhew, et al, 2018), centipedes (Jenner, von Reumont, Campbell, & Undheim, 2019;Malta et al, 2008), spiders (Barbaro, Cardoso, Eickstedt, & Mota, 1992;da Silveira et al, 2002), and scorpions (Carcamo-Noriega, Possani, & Ortiz, 2019;Rowe & Rowe, 2008).…”

Section: Differentiation Of Internal and Extraoral Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Context‐dependent venom deployment and protein composition in two assassin bugs

Fischer

Wielsch

Heckel

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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The Heteroptera are a diverse suborder of phytophagous, hematophagous, and zoophagous insects. The shift to zoophagy can be traced back to the transformation of salivary glands into venom glands, but the venom is used not only to kill and digest invertebrate prey but also as a defense strategy, mainly against vertebrates. In this study, we used an integrated transcriptomics and proteomics approach to compare the composition of venoms from the anterior main gland (AMG) and posterior main gland (PMG) of the reduviid bugs Platymeris biguttatus L. and Psytalla horrida Stål. In both species, the AMG and PMG secreted distinct protein mixtures with few interspecific differences. PMG venom consisted mostly of S1 proteases, redulysins, Ptu1‐like peptides, and uncharacterized proteins, whereas AMG venom contained hemolysins and cystatins. There was a remarkable difference in biological activity between the AMG and PMG venoms, with only PMG venom conferring digestive, neurotoxic, hemolytic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects. Proteomic analysis of venom samples revealed the context‐dependent use of AMG and PMG venom. Although both species secreted PMG venom alone to overwhelm their prey and facilitate digestion, the deployment of defensive venom was species‐dependent. P. biguttatus almost exclusively used PMG venom for defense, whereas P. horrida secreted PMG venom in response to mild harassment but AMG venom in response to more intense harassment. This intriguing context‐dependent use of defensive venom indicates that future research should focus on species‐dependent differences in venom composition and defense strategies among predatory Heteroptera.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differentiation Of Internal and Extraoral Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context‐dependent venom deployment and protein composition in two assassin bugs

Fischer

Wielsch

Heckel

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Whilst differences were observed between the studies, both identify a large increase in metabolic rate above baseline levels, indicating that in scorpions venom production is an important energetic expense (Nisani et al, 2007(Nisani et al, , 2012. These studies also likely underestimate total energetic costs, as venom regeneration can take longer than 8 days to complete (Carcamo-Noriega et al, 2019). Furthermore, scorpion venom varies between species in complexity, toxins utilized, and volume stored and injected (de la Vega et al, 2010;Sunagar et al, 2013;van der Meijden et al, 2015); all of which alter energy requirements.…”

Section: The Costs Of Venom Use In Scorpions Directmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Indirect costs are associated with the ecological limitations arising from depleted venom supplies, such as increased predation risk or reduced ability to capture prey. Scorpions can store a limited volume of venom (van der Meijden et al, 2015), and regeneration of toxins can take at least 2 weeks to be complete (Carcamo-Noriega et al, 2019), reducing the ability to use venom for prey capture and predator defense until venom supplies are restored. Ecological costs of venom depletion cannot easily be quantified, as they will vary widely between species and environments with fluctuating selection pressures.…”

Section: Indirectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom Costs and Optimization in Scorpions

et al. 2019

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Scorpions use venoms as weapons to improve prey capture and predator defense, and these benefits must be balanced against costs associated with its use. Venom costs involve direct energetic costs associated with the production and storage of toxins, and indirect fitness costs arising from reduced venom availability. In order to reduce these costs, scorpions optimize their venom use via evolutionary responses, phenotypic plasticity, and behavioral mechanisms. Over long timescales, evolutionary adaptation to environments with different selection pressures appears to have contributed to interspecific variation in venom composition and stinger morphology. Furthermore, plastic responses may allow scorpions to modify and optimize their venom composition as pressures change. Optimal venom use can vary when facing each prey item and potential predator encountered, and therefore scorpions display a range of behaviors to optimize their venom use to the particular situation. These behaviors include varying sting rates, employing dry stings, and further altering the volume and composition of venom injected. Whilst these cost-reducing mechanisms are recognized in scorpions, relatively little is understood about the factors that influence them. Here, we review evidence of the costs associated with venom use in scorpions and discuss the mechanisms that have evolved to minimize them.

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“…Akreplerin ölümcül zehirlenmeye yol açan biyoaktif bir kompleks karışımdan oluşan zehirleri bulunmaktadır. Bu zehirler farmakolojik ve fizyolojik etkinlikteki mukus, inorganik tuzlar, düşük molekül ağırlıklı organik moleküller, enzimler, peptidler, nükleotidler, lipidler, monosakkaritler, biyojenik aminler ve halen tanımlanmamış olan pek çok farklı molekülleri içeren kompleks karışımlardır [2,3]. Akreplerin ölümcül zehirlenmelere neden olduğu biliniyor olmasına karşın, aynı zamanda terapötik potansiyele sahip olmaları nedeniyle de binlerce yıl geleneksel tıp alanında kullanılmıştır.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Akrep Hemolenfinin Kanser Hücrelerinde Antiproliferatif ve Morfolojik Etkilerinin Araştırılması

İşcan

Çalışkan

Kutlu

et al. 2020

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi

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Buthidae familyasına ait Anadolu sarı akrebi olarak bilinen Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brullé, 1832) ülkemizde geniş bir dağılım gösterir ve bu nedenle halk sağlığı açısından önemli bir türdür. Bu çalışmada Mesobuthus gibbosus hemolenfinin A549 akciğer kanseri hücre hattı ve Beas-2B normal akciğer epitel hücre hattı üzerindeki sitotoksik etkisini belirlemek amacı ile MTT testi uygulanmıştır. Hücresel değişiklikler morfolojik olarak konfokal mikroskop ve geçirimli elektron mikroskop ile araştırılmıştır. Hemolenfin A549 akciğer kanseri ve Beas-2B normal akciğer epitel hücre hatları ile 24 saat süresince inkübasyonu sonucu doza bağlı olarak IC50 değerleri, A549 hücreleri için %1.35, Beas-2B hücreleri için ise %1.34 olarak belirlenmiştir. Konfokal mikroskopi ile her iki hücre için hücrelerde yuvarlaklaşma, membran tomurcuklanması, hücre çekirdeğinde kromatin yoğunlaşması görüntülenmiştir. Elektron mikroskopi ile hücre şekli bozulması, büzülme, hücre iskeletinde yırtıklar ve lizozom oluşumu, hücre zarlı organellerinde mitokondri kristalarında kayıp ve şişmeler görüntülenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile Mesobuthus gibbosus hemolenfinin her iki hücre hattı için de doza bağlı olarak antiproliferatif ve apoptotik etkileri bildirilmektedir.

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Venom content and toxicity regeneration after venom gland depletion by electrostimulation in the scorpion Centruroides limpidus

Cited by 15 publications

References 31 publications

Context‐dependent venom deployment and protein composition in two assassin bugs

Context‐dependent venom deployment and protein composition in two assassin bugs

Venom Costs and Optimization in Scorpions

Akrep Hemolenfinin Kanser Hücrelerinde Antiproliferatif ve Morfolojik Etkilerinin Araştırılması

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