Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection of Cotton Rats

Carrara, Anne-Sophie; Coffey, Lark L.; Aguilar, Patricia V.; Moncayo, Abelardo C.; Rosa, Amélia Paes de Andrade Travassos da; Nunes, Márcio Roberto Teixeira; Tesh, Robert B.; Weaver, Scott C.

doi:10.3201/eid1308.061157

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…[15][16][17] Consistent with this hypothesis, it has been shown that O . couesi from coastal Chiapas are susceptible to infection yet resistant to disease by a sympatric strain of VEEV subtype IE.…”

Section: 10supporting

confidence: 61%

Experimental Infections of Oryzomys couesi with Sympatric Arboviruses from Mexico

Deardorff

Forrester

Rosa

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Coues rice rat ( Oryzomys couesi ), a species abundant throughout Central America, was evaluated experimentally for the ability to serve as an amplifying host for three arboviruses: Patois ( Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus ), Nepuyo ( Orthobunyavirus ), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID ( Togaviridae, Alphavirus ). These three viruses have similar ecologies and are known to co-circulate in nature. Animals from all three cohorts survived infection and developed viremia with no apparent signs of illness and long-lasting antibodies. Thus, O. couesi may play a role in the general maintenance of these viruses in nature.During field studies in 2007, two orthobunyaviruses, Patois (PATV) and Nepuyo (NEPV), were isolated from mosquitoes collected in coastal Chiapas, Mexico, an area endemic for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE (VEEV-IE).

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Section: 10supporting

confidence: 61%

Experimental Infections of Oryzomys couesi with Sympatric Arboviruses from Mexico

Deardorff

Forrester

Rosa

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…In this study, 5 of the most commonly captured rodent species in coastal Chiapas, Mexico, were evaluated for their ability to participate in the natural transmission cycle of enzootic VEEV-IE. S. hispidus and O. capito rodents have previously been implicated in amplifi cation of other VEE subtypes, ID, IE, and II (7)(8)(9) Figure 3. Relatedness of 7 wild rodent genera that have been experimentally evaluated for suitability as amplifying hosts in enzootic transmission cycles of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.…”

Section: Ecological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These viruses are thought to circulate continuously among mosquitoes and their principal vertebrate amplifying hosts, whereas horses and humans are considered spillover, dead-end hosts not required for maintenance of the natural cycle. Several studies have shown that terrestrial mammals of 5 genera (Didelphis, Oryzomys, Proechimys, Sigmodon, and Zygodontomys) are susceptible to VEEV-IE infection; they develop viremia suffi cient to infect mosquito vectors, yet they usually survive infection (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Potential Reservoir Hosts with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus, Mexico

Deardorff¹,

Forrester²,

Rosa³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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In 1993, an outbreak of encephalitis among 125 affected equids in coastal Chiapas, Mexico, resulted in a 50% case-fatality rate. The outbreak was attributed to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) subtype IE, not previously associated with equine disease and death. To better understand the ecology of this VEEV strain in Chiapas, we experimentally infected 5 species of wild rodents and evaluated their competence as reservoir and amplifying hosts. Rodents from 1 species (Baiomys musculus) showed signs of disease and died by day 8 postinoculation. Rodents from the 4 other species (Liomys salvini, Oligoryzomys fulvescens, Oryzomys couesi, and Sigmodon hispidus) became viremic but survived and developed neutralizing antibodies, indicating that multiple species may contribute to VEEV maintenance. By infecting numerous rodent species and producing adequate viremia, VEEV may increase its chances of long-term persistence in nature and could increase risk for establishment in disease-endemic areas and amplifi cation outside the disease-endemic range.

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“…Regarding studies with other rat strains, cotton and spiny rats are believed to be the principal reservoir hosts in several locations of America [36,37]. Similar to our results, mortality curves for cotton rats from different zones of United Stated (Texas and Harlan) after subcutaneous inoculation with VEEV have been reported [36]; however, no detectable disease developed in cotton rats from Florida, suggesting that the geographic origins are important determinants of the outcome of VEEV infection and reservoir potential of these rodents. The lack of detectable disease and limited histopathologic lesions in spiny rats has also been reported [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of angiotensin II in experimental Venezuelan equine encephalitis in rats

et al. 2015

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Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. The inflammation induced by the VEE virus is associated with a high mortality rate in mice. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a pro-inflammatory molecule, is produced in the normal rat brain. There is no information about the role of this molecule in the inflammatory events occurring during VEE and the effect of inflammation on the mortality rate in VEE-virus-infected rats. This study was designed to determine the role of Ang II in VEE and to analyze the effect of inflammation on mortality in infected rats. Two groups of rats were studied: 1) Virus-infected animals and controls (n = 60) were treated with losartan (a blocker of the Ang II-AT1 receptor) or with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB) or left untreated and analyzed for morbidity and mortality. 2) Animals treated using the same protocol (n = 30) were sacrificed at day 4 postinfection and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and histopathology and for cytokine production. Increased expression of Ang II, ICAM-1, ED-1 and cytokines (IL-1α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10) in infected animals was observed. The main histopathology findings were dilated capillaries and capillaries with endothelial detachment. Losartan and PDTC reduced the expression of IL-1α, MCP-1, and IL-10, and the number of dilated capillaries and capillaries with endothelial detachment. Survival analysis showed that 100% mortality was reached earlier in infected rats treated with losartan (day 14) or PDTC (day 11) than in untreated animals (day 19). These findings suggest that Ang II plays a role in VEE and that brain inflammation is protective against viral infection.

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Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection of Cotton Rats

Abstract: VEEV killed 2 allopatric populations of cotton rats but not a sympatric population from Florida.

Cited by 35 publications

References 27 publications

Experimental Infections of Oryzomys couesi with Sympatric Arboviruses from Mexico

Experimental Infections of Oryzomys couesi with Sympatric Arboviruses from Mexico

Experimental Infection of Potential Reservoir Hosts with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus, Mexico

Role of angiotensin II in experimental Venezuelan equine encephalitis in rats

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