Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Epidemic in Texas, 1971

Zehmer, Reynoldson B.; Dean, Pat; Sudia, W. D.; Calisher, C. H.; Sather, Gladys E.; Parker, Richard L.

doi:10.2307/4595031

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In 1968–1969, a large outbreak involving more than 30,000 equines was reported in Ecuador, which later extended to Central America, Mexico and the United States [6],[29],[30]. In 1975–1977, ecological activities in Ecuador yielded VEEV isolates that were genetically characterized as the Southwestern Colombia/Ecuador ID genotype [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characterization of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru: Identification of a New Subtype ID Lineage

et al. 2009

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Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) has been responsible for hundreds of thousands of human and equine cases of severe disease in the Americas. A passive surveillance study was conducted in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador to determine the arboviral etiology of febrile illness. Patients with suspected viral-associated, acute, undifferentiated febrile illness of <7 days duration were enrolled in the study and blood samples were obtained from each patient and assayed by virus isolation. Demographic and clinical information from each patient was also obtained at the time of voluntary enrollment. In 2005–2007, cases of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) were diagnosed for the first time in residents of Bolivia; the patients did not report traveling, suggesting endemic circulation of VEEV in Bolivia. In 2001 and 2003, VEE cases were also identified in Ecuador. Since 1993, VEEV has been continuously isolated from patients in Loreto, Peru, and more recently (2005), in Madre de Dios, Peru. We performed phylogenetic analyses with VEEV from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru and compared their relationships to strains from other parts of South America. We found that VEEV subtype ID Panama/Peru genotype is the predominant one circulating in Peru. We also demonstrated that VEEV subtype ID strains circulating in Ecuador belong to the Colombia/Venezuela genotype and VEEV from Madre de Dios, Peru and Cochabamba, Bolivia belong to a new ID genotype. In summary, we identified a new major lineage of enzootic VEEV subtype ID, information that could aid in the understanding of the emergence and evolution of VEEV in South America.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characterization of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru: Identification of a New Subtype ID Lineage

et al. 2009

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“…In the spring of 1969 an outbreak of VEE I-AB virus occurred in Ecuador, from where the epizootic spread through Central America into Mexico. In July 1971, epizootic VEE I-AB virus was isolated for the first time in the U.S.A., in Texas (Sudia & Newhouse, 1971 ;Zehmer et al, 1974), The source of the 1969 to 1972 epizootic VEE virus has not been identified. Since the enzootic VEE subtype I-E virus present in Mexico and Central Short communication America is distinct from epizootic I-AB virus, Young (1972) speculated that the epizootic virus originated from formalin-inactivated I-AB vaccine virus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evidence for the origin of the widespread Venezuelan equine encephalitis epizootic of 1969 to 1972

Kinney

Tsuchiya

Sneider

et al. 1992

Journal of General Virology

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“…VEEV is an emerging disease threat with outbreaks first occurring in the 1930s in South America (1). Large epizootics/epidemics of VEEV have spread into Central America, reaching the southern parts of the United States (2). VEEV has also been developed as a biological weapon (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Locking and Blocking the Viral Landscape of an Alphavirus with Neutralizing Antibodies

Porta

Jose

Roehrig

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Alphaviruses are serious, sometimes lethal human pathogens that belong to the family Togaviridae. The structures of human Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), an alphavirus, in complex with two strongly neutralizing antibody Fab fragments (F5 and 3B4C-4) have been determined using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy and homology modeling. We characterize these monoclonal antibody Fab fragments, which are known to abrogate VEEV infectivity by binding to the E2 (envelope) surface glycoprotein. Both of these antibody Fab fragments cross-link the surface E2 glycoproteins and therefore probably inhibit infectivity by blocking the conformational changes that are required for making the virus fusogenic. The F5 Fab fragment cross-links E2 proteins within one trimeric spike, whereas the 3B4C-4 Fab fragment cross-links E2 proteins from neighboring spikes. Furthermore, F5 probably blocks the receptor-binding site, whereas 3B4C-4 sterically hinders the exposure of the fusion loop at the end of the E2 B-domain. IMPORTANCEAlphaviral infections are transmitted mainly by mosquitoes. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus with a wide distribution across the globe. No effective vaccines exist for alphaviral infections. Therefore, a better understanding of VEEV and its associated neutralizing antibodies will help with the development of effective drugs and vaccines.

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Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Epidemic in Texas, 1971

Cited by 36 publications

References 7 publications

Genetic Characterization of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru: Identification of a New Subtype ID Lineage

Genetic Characterization of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru: Identification of a New Subtype ID Lineage

Molecular evidence for the origin of the widespread Venezuelan equine encephalitis epizootic of 1969 to 1972

Locking and Blocking the Viral Landscape of an Alphavirus with Neutralizing Antibodies

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